Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4)
Registration No. 333-281992

PROSPECTUS

60,000,000 Shares

 

 

StandardAero, Inc.

Common Stock

 

 

This is StandardAero, Inc.’s initial public offering. We are selling 53,250,000 shares of our common stock in this offering. The selling stockholders named in this prospectus are selling 6,750,000 shares of our common stock in this offering.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. The initial public offering price is $24.00 per share. We have been approved to list our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “SARO.”

After the consummation of this offering, we expect to be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the NYSE.

 

 

Investing in our common stock involves risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 20 to read about factors you should consider before buying shares of our common stock.

 

		Per Share				Total
Public offering price		$	24.00			$	1,440,000,000
Underwriting discount(1)		$	1.26			$	75,600,000
Proceeds, before expenses, to us		$	22.74			$	1,210,905,000
Proceeds to selling stockholders		$	22.74			$	153,495,000

 

(1)	See “Underwriting (Conflicts of Interest)” for a description of the compensation payable to the underwriters.

This is a firm commitment underwritten offering. The underwriters may also exercise their option to purchase up to an additional 9,000,000 shares from the selling stockholders, at the public offering price, less the underwriting discount, for 30 days after the date of this prospectus to cover sales of additional shares by the underwriters. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the shares by the selling stockholders. The selling stockholders named in this prospectus are affiliates of The Carlyle Group Inc. and GIC Private Limited.

Certain funds and accounts managed by Blackrock, Inc., Janus Henderson Investors and Norges Bank Investment Management, a division of Norges Bank (the “cornerstone investors”), have, severally and not jointly, indicated an interest in purchasing up to an aggregate of $275 million in shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. The shares to be purchased by the cornerstone investors will not be subject to a lock-up agreement with the underwriters. Because this indication of interest is not a binding agreement or commitment to purchase, the cornerstone investors may determine to purchase more, less or no shares in this offering or the underwriters may determine to sell more, less or no shares to the cornerstone investors. The underwriters will receive the same discount on any of our shares of common stock purchased by the cornerstone investors as they will from any other shares sold to the public in this offering.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

Delivery of the shares of common stock will be made on or about October 3, 2024.

 

 

Joint Bookrunning Managers

 

J.P. Morgan*				Morgan Stanley*

* listed in alphabetical order

 

BofA Securities		UBS Investment Bank		Jefferies		RBC Capital Markets

 

Carlyle		CIBC Capital Markets		HSBC		Mizuho		SOCIETE GENERALE		Wolfe | Nomura Alliance

Co-Managers

 

Citizens JMP		Macquarie Capital		Santander

 

Amerivet Securities				Drexel Hamilton

The date of this prospectus is October 1, 2024.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

		Page
BASIS OF PRESENTATION			ii
MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA			iv
TRADEMARKS			iv
NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES			v
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY			1
RISK FACTORS			20
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS			60
USE OF PROCEEDS			62
DIVIDEND POLICY			63
CAPITALIZATION			64
DILUTION			66
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS			68
BUSINESS			95
MANAGEMENT			113
COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS			121
PRINCIPAL AND SELLING STOCKHOLDERS			140
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS			143
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK			147
DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN INDEBTEDNESS			153
SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE			161
MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES TO NON-U.S. HOLDERS			163
UNDERWRITING (CONFLICTS OF INTEREST)			167
LEGAL MATTERS			178
EXPERTS			178
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION			178
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS			F-1

 

i

Through and including October 26, 2024 (the 25th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that effect transactions in these securities, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealer’s obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as an underwriter and with respect to unsold allotments or subscriptions.

 

 

Neither we, the selling stockholders nor any of the underwriters have authorized anyone to provide you with any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectuses we have prepared. Neither we, the selling stockholders nor any of the underwriters take any responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may provide you. We, the selling stockholders and the underwriters are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, shares of our common stock only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of our common stock. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects may have changed since that date.

For investors outside the United States: No action is being taken in any jurisdiction outside the United States to permit a public offering of common stock or possession or distribution of this prospectus in that jurisdiction. Persons who come into possession of this prospectus in jurisdictions outside the United States are required to inform themselves about and to observe any restriction as to this offering and the distribution of this prospectus applicable to those jurisdictions.

 

 

BASIS OF PRESENTATION

We manage our business in line with our service offerings with our reportable segments being Engine Services and Component Repair Services. Our Engine Services segment provides a full suite of aftermarket services, including maintenance, repair and overhaul, on-wing and field service support, asset management, and engineering and related solutions primarily in support of gas turbine engines across the commercial aerospace, military and helicopter, and business aviation end markets. Our Component Repair Services segment supports the commercial aerospace, military and other end markets with engine piece part component and accessory repair, as well as some engine new part manufacturing.

On September 5, 2024, we changed our name from Dynasty Parent Co., Inc. to StandardAero, Inc. The audited consolidated financial statements as well as the unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements of Dynasty Parent Co., Inc. included elsewhere in this prospectus represent 100% of the business and operations of the newly renamed entity - StandardAero, Inc.

In connection with and prior to the completion of this offering, we and our immediate parent, Dynasty Parent Holdings, L.P., will effect the Restructuring Transactions, which are described in the section titled “Prospectus Summary—Corporate Structure and Restructuring Transactions.”

Unless the context otherwise requires or we otherwise state, references in this prospectus to:

 

•

the term “2023 Term B-1 Loan Facility” refers to the senior secured dollar term loan B facility in an original aggregate principal amount of $1,802.5 million, as defined in “Description of Certain Indebtedness”;

 

•

the term “2023 Term B-1 Loans” refers to the senior secured dollar term loans incurred under the 2023 Term B-1 Loan Facility by Dynasty Acquisition pursuant to the Credit Agreement, as defined in “Description of Certain Indebtedness”;

 

•

the term “2023 Term B-2 Loan Facility” refers to the senior secured dollar term loan B facility in an original aggregate principal amount of $772.5 million, as defined in “Description of Certain Indebtedness”;

 

•

the term “2023 Term B-2 Loans” refers to the senior secured dollar term loans incurred under the 2023 Term B-2 Loan Facility by the Canadian Borrower, pursuant to the Credit Agreement, as defined in “Description of Certain Indebtedness”;

 

ii

•

the term “2023 Term Loan Facilities” refers, collectively, to (i) the 2023 Term B-1 Loan Facility and (ii) the 2023 Term B-2 Loan Facility;

 

•

the term “2023 Term Loans” refers, collectively, to (i) the 2023 Term B-1 Loans and (ii) the 2023 Term B-2 Loans;

 

•

the term “2023 Revolving Credit Facility” refers to the senior secured multicurrency revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $150.0 million (of which up to $75.0 million is available for the issuance of letters of credit), as defined in “Description of Certain Indebtedness”;

 

•

the term “2024 Term B-1 Loan Facility” refers to the senior secured dollar term loan B facility in an original aggregate principal amount of approximately $1,993.5 million, as defined in “Description of Certain Indebtedness”;

 

•

the term “2024 Term Loan B-2 Facility” refers to the senior secured dollar term loan B facility in an original aggregate principal amount of approximately $768.6 million, as defined in “Description of Certain Indebtedness”;

 

•

the term “2024 Term Loan Facilities” refers collectively to the 2024 Term B-1 Loan Facility and the 2024 Term Loan B-2 Facility;

 

•

the term “ABL Credit Agreement” refers to that certain ABL Credit Agreement (as amended, restated, modified and/or supplemented from time to time), dated as of April 4, 2019, governing the ABL Credit Facility;

 

•

the term “ABL Credit Facility” refers to the senior secured asset based multicurrency revolving credit facilities in an aggregate principal amount of up to $400.0 million, as defined in “Description of Certain Indebtedness”;

 

•

the term “Acquisition” refers to the acquisition by Dynasty Acquisition Co., Inc., pursuant to that certain stock purchase agreement as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, dated December 18, 2018 (the “Acquisition Agreement”), of all of the equity interests of StandardAero Holding Corp., a Delaware corporation;

 

•

the term “CAGR” refers to compound annual growth rate;

 

•

the term “Canadian Borrower” refers to Standard Aero Limited Standaero Limitee (as successor in interest to 1199169 B.C. Unlimited Liability Company) that is the indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company;

 

•

the term “Carlyle” refers to those certain investment funds of The Carlyle Group Inc. and its affiliates, as described under “Prospectus Summary—Our Principal Stockholders”;

 

•

the term “Carlyle Partners VII” refers to Carlyle Partners VII S1 Holdings II, L.P.;

 

•

the term “Credit Agreement” refers to that certain Credit Agreement (as amended, restated, modified and/or supplemented from time to time), dated as of April 4, 2019, governing the Credit Facilities;

 

•

the term “Credit Facilities” refers, collectively, to (i) the 2024 Term Loan Facilities and (ii) the 2023 Revolving Credit Facility;

 

•

the term “Dynasty Acquisition” refers to Dynasty Acquisition Co., Inc., a Delaware corporation that is the indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company;

 

•

the term “Exchange Act” refers to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended;

 

•

the term “GAAP” refers to the generally accepted accounting principles in the United States;

 

•

the term “GIC” refers to GIC Private Limited;

 

•

the term “GIC Investor” refers to Hux Investment Ptd Ltd.;

 

iii

•

the term “Indenture” refers to that certain indenture (as amended, restated, modified and/or supplemented from time to time), dated as of April 4, 2019, by and among Dynasty Acquisition, as issuer, the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, governing the Senior Notes;

 

•

the term “Restructuring Transactions” refers to those certain restructuring transactions to be effected in connection with and prior to the completion of this offering, as described under “Prospectus Summary—Corporate Structure and Restructuring Transactions”;

 

•

the term “SEC” refers to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission;

 

•

the term “Securities Act” refers to the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended;

 

•

the term “selling stockholders” refers to Carlyle Partners VII and the GIC Investor;

 

•

the term “Senior Notes” refers to the $475.5 million aggregate principal amount of outstanding Senior Unsecured PIK Toggle Notes due 2027 issued by Dynasty Acquisition pursuant to the Indenture;

 

•

the term “Senior Secured Credit Agreements” refers, collectively, to (i) the Credit Agreement and (ii) the ABL Credit Agreement;

 

•

the term “Senior Secured Credit Facilities” refers, collectively, to (i) the Credit Facilities and (ii) the ABL Credit Facility;

 

•

the term “Stockholders Agreement” refers to the stockholders agreement to be effective following the pricing of this offering and to be entered into by and among Carlyle Partners VII, the GIC Investor, certain of our other existing stockholders and the Company; and

 

•

the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “its” and the “Company” refer to StandardAero, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Certain monetary amounts, percentages and other figures included in this prospectus have been subject to rounding adjustments. Accordingly, figures shown as totals in certain tables and charts may not be the arithmetic aggregation of the figures that precede them, and figures expressed as percentages in the text may not total 100% or, as applicable, when aggregated may not be the arithmetic aggregation of the percentages that precede them.

 

 

MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA

Unless otherwise indicated, information contained in this prospectus concerning our industry, competitive position and the markets in which we operate is based on information from independent industry and research organizations, other third-party sources and management estimates. Management estimates are derived from publicly available information released by independent industry analysts and other third-party sources, as well as data from our internal research, and are based on assumptions made by us upon reviewing such data, and our experience in, and knowledge of, such industry and markets, which we believe to be reasonable. In addition, projections, assumptions and estimates of the future performance of the industry in which we operate and our future performance are necessarily subject to uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by the independent parties and by us.

 

 

TRADEMARKS

We own or otherwise have rights to the trademarks, service marks and trade names, including those mentioned in this prospectus, that we use in connection with the operation of our business. This prospectus includes trademarks which are protected under applicable intellectual property laws and are our property and/or the property of our subsidiaries. This prospectus also contains trademarks, service marks and trade names of

 

iv

other companies, which are, to our knowledge, the property of their respective owners. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trademarks, service marks or trade names to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies. Solely for convenience, the trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this prospectus may appear without the ^® and ^™ symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the right of the applicable licensor to these trademarks, service marks and trade names.

 

 

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

We present Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin in this prospectus because we believe such measures provide investors with additional information to measure our performance. Please refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Key Performance Indicators and Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for an explanation on why we use these non-GAAP financial measures, their definitions, their limitations and reconciliations to their nearest GAAP financial measures.

Because of their limitations, these non-GAAP financial measures are not intended as alternatives to GAAP financial measures as indicators of our operating performance and should not be considered as measures of cash available to us to invest in the growth of our business or that will be available to us to meet our obligations. We compensate for these limitations by using these non-GAAP financial measures along with other comparative tools, together with GAAP financial measures, to assist in the evaluation of operating performance.

 

v

 

1

 

2

 

3

 

4

 

5

 

6

 

7

 

8

 

9

 

10

 

11

 

12

 

13

 

14

 

15

 

16

 

17

 

18

 

19

RISK FACTORS

An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below and the other information contained in this prospectus, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus before deciding whether to purchase shares of our common stock. The occurrence of any of the events or developments described below could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. In such an event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe are not material may also impair our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. The risks discussed below also contain forward-looking statements, and our actual results may differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We are affected by factors that adversely impact the commercial and business aviation industries.

As a provider of aftermarket services to the commercial and business aviation industries, we are greatly affected by the overall impact of U.S. and global macroeconomic conditions on those industries. The commercial and business aviation industries are historically cyclical and have been negatively affected in the past by geopolitical events, such as ongoing wars and conflicts (including in Ukraine and the Gaza strip and surrounding areas), terrorism, weather related events, acts of God, natural disasters, pandemics, disruption to fuel and oil production and supply shortages, high fuel and oil prices, environmental concerns (including climate change), lack of capital, inflationary pressures and conditions, economic sanctions, labor market shortages and weak economic conditions. The impact of instability and disruptions in the global financial markets has led, and may in the future lead, our customers to reduce domestic or international flight capacity. In addition, certain of our customers have in the past been impacted by tight credit markets and high interest rates, which has limited their ability to buy and finance parts, services, engines and aircraft.

A reduction in flight activity of aircraft and changes in customer travel patterns both in the United States and abroad has resulted in and may continue to result in reduced demand for aftermarket services, which we experienced during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021. A deteriorating airline environment may also result in commercial airlines deciding to retire some of the aircraft that use engine platforms that we service, excess capacity in the aftermarket and increased competition for aftermarket service work and additional airline bankruptcies, and in such circumstances, we may not be able to fully collect outstanding accounts receivable. Reduced demand from customers caused by economic conditions, including tight credit conditions and customer bankruptcies, may adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations. In addition, weak national and local economic conditions, or changes in owner or operator fees or taxes by the Federal Aviation Administration (the “FAA”) or tax incentives by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), may contribute to a decline in the demand for business jet transportation, and thus would reduce the requirements for aftermarket services in the business aviation industry.

In addition, an increase in energy costs and the price of fuel could result in additional pressure on the operating costs of airlines and business jet operators, which comprise a substantial portion of our customers. The market for fuel is inherently volatile and is subject to, among other things, changes in government policy on fuel production, changes in tax policy related to fuel, fluctuations in the global supply of crude oil and disruptions in oil production or delivery caused by hostility in oil-producing areas. In addition, airlines and business jet operators are sometimes unable to pass on increases in fuel prices to customers by increasing fares or fees due to the competitive nature of the aviation industry, and this compounds the pressure on operating costs, and in turn, airlines’ and business jet operators’ ability to do business with us.

We are also subject to the risk that action by the FAA or any other regulatory authority could restrict or limit the utilization of aircraft with the engine platforms that we service or on the use of the engine platforms that we service, which could reduce demand for our services.

 

20

Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects have been and may continue to be adversely affected by these and other similar events that impact the commercial and business aviation industries.

Decreases in budget, spending or outsourcing by our military end-users could result in a reduction in the amount of services we provide to the various agencies and buying organizations of the U.S. government, which would materially reduce our revenue and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

A portion of our revenue is derived from contracts, directly or indirectly, with the U.S. military that are subject to U.S. government contracting rules and regulations. A decline in the level of operational activity of the U.S. military or decreases in budget, spending or outsourcing by the U.S. military end-users could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. The demand for our aftermarket services in the military market is significantly dependent upon government budget trends, particularly the U.S. Department of Defense (“DoD”) budget. Services to our military end-users accounted for approximately $899.2 million, or 19.6%, of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 and approximately $529.8 million, or 21%, of our revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2024. U.S. federal law currently prevents U.S. military departments and agencies from using more than 50% of their funding for depot-level maintenance of core assets of outsourced work without a waiver from the Secretary of Defense, which impacts the size of the overall market for our services. Additionally, the retirement of mature aircraft from the U.S. military may decrease the need for our aftermarket services. Defense spending by United States, Canadian, European and other governments worldwide has fluctuated in recent years, at times resulting in reduced demand for our services. Growth in revenue to our military customers depends upon continued outsourcing by military end-users of certain aftermarket service functions to the civil industrial base.

Companies engaged in supplying defense-related equipment and services to U.S. government agencies, whether through direct contracts with the U.S. government or as a subcontractor to customers contracting with the U.S. government, are subject to business risks specific to the defense industry. Our supply of products to the U.S. government is subject to such unique risks largely beyond our control. Our operations may be adversely affected due to an unexpected termination or modification of a significant contract by the government or a higher-tier contractor, including for non-performance or for convenience; a change in the government’s procurement priorities for any reason, including as a result of elections or failure to pass budget or appropriations statutes; a reduction in the volume of contracts or subcontracts awarded to us; or substantial cost overruns. For instance, the terms of defense contracts with the U.S. government generally permit the government or a higher-tier contractor to terminate or modify contracts partially or completely, with or without cause, at any time. We also face the risk that the U.S. government may unilaterally suspend or debar our customers, the prime contractor with whom we subcontract, or us from new contracts in the event of any alleged violations of procurement laws or regulations or for a lack of responsibility. Furthermore, the U.S. government retains discretion to revoke required security clearances. In addition, our subcontracts may be terminated or we may be required to renegotiate terms of our military contracts if the U.S. government threatens to terminate the contract of a primary contractor through whom we provide services. If we fail to renegotiate with the primary contractor, we and the primary contractor may lose all of our business related to such contract. Also, some of the tooling, equipment and materials we use in providing aftermarket services to the U.S. military are provided to us under the terms of contracts with the U.S. government or a prime contractor. If we were unable to use these government-furnished tooling, equipment and materials, we could be required to incur significant capital investment to fulfill our obligations under such contracts and could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, DoD budgets could be negatively impacted by several factors, including, but not limited to, a change in defense spending policy as a result of the presidential election or otherwise, the U.S. government’s budget deficits, spending priorities (e.g., shifting funds to assist Ukraine in the Russia and Ukraine conflict or to assist Israel or appropriating budget to new development programs away from sustainment and maintenance of existing programs), the cost of sustaining the U.S. military presence internationally and possible political

 

21

pressure to reduce U.S. government military spending, each of which could cause the DoD budget to remain unchanged or to decline. While current world tensions—including the conflicts in Ukraine and the Gaza strip and surrounding areas—are driving short-term spending increases, if future military spending declines, is redirected away from markets in which we operate or aircraft in which our services are used, or if military outsourcing decreases or ceases, our business results of operations and financial condition would be materially adversely affected. Additionally, unlike civil aviation, military organizations have discretion over their own maintenance regimens. Military aviation end-users may elect to reduce aftermarket service spending by lengthening the time between required overhaul for certain engines, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The U.S. government may review our costs and performance on their contracts, as well as conduct periodic audits of our accounting and general business practices. Based on the results of such audits, the U.S. government may adjust our contract-related costs and fees, including allocated indirect costs. In addition, under U.S. government purchasing regulations, some of our costs, including most financing costs, portions of research and development costs and certain marketing expenses may not be reimbursable under U.S. government contracts.

We depend on certain component parts and material suppliers for our engine repair and overhaul operations, and any supply chain disruptions or loss of key suppliers could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business depends on maintaining a sufficient supply of parts, components and raw materials to meet our customers’ demands and maintain the operation of our business and services. Global supply chain and labor markets are continuing to experience high levels of disruption, including recent disruption caused by attacks on commercial vessels in the Red Sea, causing significant materials and parts shortages, as well as delivery delays, labor shortages, distribution issues, energy cost increases and price increases. Current geopolitical conditions, including sanctions and other trade restrictive actions and strained intercountry relations, are contributing to these issues. These issues could lead to significant supplier performance failures and delays. Disruptions to our supply chain and business operations, or to our suppliers’ supply chains and business operations, could have adverse effects on our ability to provide aftermarket support and services to our customers and, thus, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In particular, we source the materials, parts and components for our business from material suppliers and OEMs. Our authorizations from OEMs often require that we purchase component parts from the OEMs or their designated distributors. Our business, therefore, could be adversely impacted by factors affecting our OEMs and other suppliers (such as the destruction of our suppliers’ facilities or their distribution infrastructure, including damage or disruption by external factors, including wars or other conflicts, terrorism, weather-related events (including due to climate change), acts of God, natural disasters or other similar events, a work stoppage or strike by our suppliers’ employees or the failure of our suppliers to provide materials of the requisite quality), or by increased costs of such raw materials or components if we were unable to pass along such price increases to our customers.

For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023, our four largest parts suppliers, which consisted of OEMs, accounted for a substantial majority of our total parts purchases. If we were to lose a key supplier or were unable to obtain the same levels or quality of deliveries from these suppliers and were unable to supplement those purchases with products obtained from other suppliers, it could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, if our key suppliers increase the prices of their products, it would negatively affect our operating results if we were not able to pass these price increases through to our customers, which could lead to decreased sales, profit margins and earnings.

In recent years, we have experienced supply chain delays from our key suppliers that impacted the availability of parts and materials and ultimately engine repair and overhaul throughput across all of our end markets. Any significant prolonged disruption or future delays could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Because we strive to limit the volume of raw materials and component parts

 

22

on hand, our business could be adversely affected if we were unable to obtain raw materials and components from our suppliers when we need them, in the quantities we require to operate our business or on favorable terms. Although we may identify alternative suppliers, or alternative raw materials or component parts, this could require substantial time to implement, particularly if it involves the lengthy and expensive aviation authority and OEM certification processes associated with aerospace products, which could prevent efficient replacement of a supplier, raw material or component part, and our ability to supply parts to our customers when needed could be impaired, which in turn could adversely impact our production timelines, fulfilment of customer contracts, revenue, profitability and reputation.

In addition, supply chain disruptions could cause significant production and delivery delays to any new or expanded product or engine platforms, such as providing aftermarket services to the LEAP platform and expanding aftermarket services on the CFM56 platform. Execution and implementation of new or expanded platforms, like the new LEAP platform and expanded CFM56 platform, depends in part on our suppliers having access to the materials and skilled labor they require and making timely deliveries to us. Any such disruptions to our supply chain and business operations, or to our suppliers’ supply chains and business operations, could have adverse effects on our ability to provide aftermarket support and services to our customers and, thus, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Inflation has adversely affected us and may continue to adversely affect us by increasing our costs beyond what we can recover through price increases.

Inflation has adversely affected us in recent years by increasing our costs of labor, equipment, raw materials, freight and utilities. We strive to offset these items by price increases, operating improvements and other cost-saving initiatives and through contractual provisions that allow us to pass along material and other cost increases to customers. In certain end markets, implementing price increases may be difficult and there is no assurance that we will be successful. From time to time, we may encounter difficulties in obtaining certain raw materials or components necessary for production due to supply chain constraints and logistical challenges, which may also negatively impact the pricing of materials and components sourced or used in our services.

Future outbreaks and infectious diseases could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

While the overall demand for commercial air travel has significantly recovered from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact of future outbreaks, health concerns and infectious diseases could pose a threat to the commercial aviation industry, including our business and operations. Public health crises, including a resurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic (including through any new variant strains of the underlying virus), a new health epidemic or similar outbreak or other negative developments associated with the pandemic or outbreak (e.g., restrictive government policies or mandates), could disrupt supply chains, adversely affect the number of new commercial jet deliveries and the utilization of commercial and business aviation engines that we service and hinder or reverse the commercial flight activity recovery, leading to decreased worldwide commercial activity and a reduced demand for airline passenger and cargo services. Reduced flight activity negatively impacts the demand for our aftermarket services, and any prolonged reduction could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Moreover, prolonged pandemics, epidemics and similar outbreaks, or the threat thereof, could result in worker absences, lower productivity, voluntary or involuntary closure of our offices and facilities, travel restrictions for our employees and other disruptions to our business, including disruptions which are unanticipated or unknown at this time. Any of these could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our ability to predict and respond to future changes resulting from potential health crises is uncertain. Even after a public health crisis subsides, there may be long-term effects on our business and the business of our

 

23

customers, suppliers, vendors and other business partners, in economies in which we operate that could severely disrupt our operations and could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. As we cannot predict the duration, scope or severity of future public health crises, the negative financial impact to our results cannot be reasonably estimated and could be material.

Competition in our business is intense given the market in which we participate and the range of services that we provide within that market.

We operate in a highly competitive global industry and compete against a number of companies. Competitors in our product lines are both U.S. and foreign companies and range in size from divisions of large public corporations to small privately-held entities. Our primary competitors include the service divisions of OEMs, other independent aftermarket service providers, in certain cases the in-house maintenance services divisions of the commercial airlines and U.S. and foreign militaries, and engine component repair specialists. Certain characteristics of these competitors are as follows:

Service divisions of OEMs. The service divisions of OEMs, including GE Aerospace, CFM International, Pratt & Whitney, Rolls Royce, Honeywell and Safran, traditionally hold a sizeable aftermarket service market share on newer platforms, in order to support the installed base and generate technical insight into the performance of their engine models, which is particularly important early in the platform lifecycle. Service divisions of OEMs compete on the basis of their affiliations with OEMs, which may give them design authority, brand recognition, strong and long-term customer relationships beginning with the original sale of the engines, the ability to adapt more quickly to customer requirements involving technical specification changes, a diverse product and service base, significant financial resources, control over certification and control over sources and pricing of approved parts. OEMs may in the future attempt to perform a greater portion of the repair and overhaul services related to the engines they manufacture themselves or change the pricing or level of work scopes that we receive or have access to.

Other independent aftermarket service providers. Independent service providers like us are not affiliated with any one OEM or airline and are able to work on a wide range of engine platforms for many different customers. Most of the independent service providers of engine repair and overhaul services that compete with us, including MTU Aero Engines, ST Engineering Aerospace (“ST Aerospace”), SR Technics Switzerland AG (“SR Technics”), OGMA Indústria Aeronáutica de Portugal (“OGMA”) and Duncan Aviation, also operate under authorizations from OEMs. We also compete with independent service providers that do not have authorization from the OEMs or hold limited approvals or licensing agreements from the OEMs that only allow for the repair of certain engines or components. Independent service providers who currently do not compete with us may decide or attempt to provide services on engines that we currently service and for which they may or may not have OEM authorization. These competitors and potential competitors may have strong and long-term customer relationships and greater financial resources than us.

In-house maintenance service divisions of the commercial airlines. While recently there has been an increasing trend among commercial carriers to outsource engine aftermarket services, some of the large commercial airlines globally maintain in-house divisions, some of which provide services externally to third-party customers. In-house divisions have several competitive advantages over us, including captive engine fleets, leverage over OEMs and access to parts discounts via their captive airline, and may have greater financial resources than us.

U.S. and foreign militaries. The U.S. military has active aftermarket services facilities and activates new facilities from time to time, which displaces business that we might otherwise compete for. To protect national interests and foster job creation and national capability development, many foreign militaries also actively operate existing aftermarket services facilities and activate new facilities from time to time, which displaces business that we might otherwise compete for.

 

24

Engine component repair specialists. The engine component repair market is highly fragmented with many providers and varying levels of scale and breadth of capabilities. Within this market, we face competitors including scaled providers of component repairs such as HEICO, as well as a number of smaller, specialized repair providers that may focus on a limited number of components or platforms. Some of these competitors may have greater financial and other resources than we do.

We believe that providers of aftermarket services have traditionally competed on the basis of price, quality and the ability to perform repairs and overhauls efficiently. Developing and maintaining a competitive advantage will require continued investments in technology and innovation, engineering, operations, customer service and sales and marketing. We may not have sufficient resources to make the necessary investments and we may not be able to compete effectively. Furthermore, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected by changes in the competitive environment, including any intensification of competition, which could lead to a loss of business and a decline in our margins.

Loss of an OEM authorization or license could negatively impact our ability to service an engine platform and damage our competitive advantage in such platform’s market.

OEMs grant participants in the aftermarket services sector authorizations or licenses to perform repair and overhaul services on the engines they manufacture. We currently have OEM authorizations or licenses for all of the engine platforms that we service. Any loss, revocation, suspension or non-renewal of an OEM authorization or license could negatively impact our ability to service certain engine platforms and significantly impact our competitive advantage in the market for that platform. For example, any loss or non-renewal of an OEM authorization or license could impact our competitiveness within a market by changing the pace at which we go to market and restricting us from benefits like discounts on parts, technical information, OEM warranty support and use of the OEM name in marketing. In addition, many of our OEM contracts that provide us the authorization or licenses contain provisions requiring consent to certain change of control transactions that have historically required and may in the future require us to pay significant fees in order to obtain such consent. If such consent is not obtained, these provisions may result in such contracts being terminated if there is such a change in control, resulting in a potential loss of revenue. In addition, these provisions may act as a deterrent to any attempt by a third party to acquire us.

A portion of our revenue is generated from engine platforms that are mature and for which the installed base is flat or declining. If we are unable to offset the resulting declines in revenue as engines are retired, then our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected.

The long-term prospects of our business depend in part on the size of the installed base across the engine platforms we service. A portion of our revenue is generated from engine platforms that are mature and for which the installed base is flat or declining. In addition, certain airlines operate new fleet types and/or newer generation aircraft and we may not have contractual arrangements to service these aircraft, nor technicians trained and certified to perform the required aftermarket services on such aircraft.

If we are unable to offset any declining installed base with price increases, market share gains or services for new or additional platforms, or if such new or additional platforms are not used as widely or at as high a rate as the engines that we currently service, then our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected.

A significant portion of our revenue is derived from a small number of customers.

We have derived, and may continue to derive, a significant portion of our revenue from a small number of customers. When all subsidiaries and divisions of a single parent are regarded as a single customer, for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, our top four OEM customers accounted for approximately 41% and 43% of our revenue, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our top four OEM

 

25

customers accounted for approximately 43%, 45% and 49% of our revenue, respectively. We cannot assure you that these customers will continue to contract with us on terms currently in effect or other terms which are favorable but not currently in effect, or whether they will elect to contract with our competitors or attempt to perform the services themselves. We are party to a number of long-term contracts with each of our top customers, with such contracts typically covering specific engine platforms or certain aspects of our relationship with the customer. Some of these customers have the right to terminate certain contracts without penalty with advance written notice. These contracts generally do not include any minimum purchase requirements for the customers and were made in the ordinary course of business. As a result, these customers could stop purchasing our services, reduce or defer the need for our services or request reduced pricing structures at any time. We may therefore need to adapt our pricing strategies in response to a customer who may seek concessions in return for its continued or increased business. In addition, a macroeconomic downturn or any other cause of consolidation in the commercial, military and business aviation industries or among our other customers could significantly increase the market share and bargaining power of a limited number of customers and give them significant additional leverage to negotiate more favorable terms and place greater demands on us. The loss of any of these customers, if not offset by revenue from new or other existing customers, or any inability of any customer to pay amounts as and when due, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. A significant portion of our revenue from commercial, military and business aviation customers is derived from services we provide on behalf of OEMs as a subcontractor and authorized provider for services the OEMs provide to their customers. As a result, we could be adversely affected by changes in demand by OEMs or OEMs’ customers or by a loss or non-renewal of an OEM authorization for any of our platforms.

Aircraft engine OEMs, including GE Aerospace, CFM International, Rolls-Royce, Honeywell, Pratt & Whitney and Safran in addition to providing authorizations to service the engines they manufacture, are also significant customers as a result of subcontracting aftermarket services to us for contracts they have with their end customers. Our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected if these OEMs modify pricing, modify work scope requirements or reduce the volume of engines subcontracted to us, either because of decreased demand by their end users or because of an increase in the volume of aftermarket services provided directly by the OEMs. In addition, our business could be adversely affected if these OEMs or their end customers provide their own aftermarket services or engage other aftermarket service providers to subcontract for their services. Further, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected if our relationships with the customers for whom we provide services as a subcontractor are reduced or discontinued.

In addition, many of our customer contracts are complex and contain provisions that could cause us to incur penalties, be liable for liquidated or actual damages and incur unanticipated expenses with respect to the timely delivery, functionality, deployment, operation and durability of our products and services. Any such penalties, damages or expenses could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We do not have volume commitments with our customers and, therefore, do not have guaranteed future sales.

Although we have long-term contracts with many of our customers, the majority of our contracts with these customers do not have volume commitments and, therefore, do not have guaranteed levels of future sales. Many of those customers may terminate the contracts on short notice and, in most cases, our customers have not committed to buy any minimum quantity of our products. In addition, in certain cases, we must anticipate the future volume of orders based upon the historic purchasing patterns of customers and upon our discussions with customers as to their anticipated future requirements, and this anticipated future volume of orders may not materialize.

The prices that we charge under our fixed-price contracts are predetermined and we bear the risk that our costs or lead time may exceed our estimates.

From time to time, we enter into multi-year, fixed-price contracts (including fixed-price arrangements based on engine utilization) with some of our customers, in which we have agreed to service engines for a price

 

26

determined based on then-existing engine maintenance and usage data. In a fixed-price contract, we realize all the benefit or detriment resulting from any decreases or increases in the costs of servicing these products, with a greater risk to the costs in a high inflationary environment, which we are experiencing now.

Several factors may cause the costs that we incur in fulfilling these contracts to vary substantially from original estimates, including the actual condition of the customers’ engine fleet and our ability to inspect the condition of the customers’ aircraft prior to bidding. Many of our contracts do not permit us to recover the entirety of increases in raw material prices, taxes or labor costs. In addition, for our fixed-price arrangements based on engine utilization, the timing of payments from our customers may not coincide with the timing of costs incurred to perform the maintenance services under these agreements. In such cases, our cash flow and liquidity may be negatively impacted to the extent we incur significant costs in advance of the scheduled payments for such maintenance services.

Damage to our reputation or the reputation of other parties in the aerospace industry could hurt our business.

Damage to our reputation can cause significant harm to our business and prospects. Harm to our reputation can rise from numerous sources, including, among others, litigation or regulatory outcomes, compliance failures, quality escapes, cybersecurity breaches and unethical behavior. Negative publicity about us, whether or not true, may also result in harm to our prospects.

In addition, damage to the reputation of other parties in the aerospace industry, including OEMs and commercial airlines, could harm our business. If the reputation of the commercial airline industry is damaged, the need for our services in the commercial airline industry could be reduced, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our operations depend on our facilities, which are subject to physical and other risks that could disrupt our business.

The facilities at which we provide services could be damaged or disrupted by external factors, including wars or other conflicts, terrorism, weather-related events (including due to climate change), acts of God, natural disasters or other similar events. These could result in potential damage to our physical assets as well as disruptions in production activities. Moreover, we are vulnerable to damage from other types of disasters, including power loss, grid failures, fire, explosions, floods, communications failures, technological disruptions and similar events. Disruptions could also occur due to health-related outbreaks and crises, cyber attacks, computer or equipment malfunction (accidental or intentional), operator error or process failures. Any of these events could result in prolonged interruption of our business. Any disruption resulting from these events could cause significant delays in service and shipments of engines and the loss of sales and customers. Should insurance and other risk transfer mechanisms be inadequate to recover all costs and compensate us for any of these events, it could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Implementing new or expanded platforms, products and services and keeping pace with technological or process developments in our industries may require significant capital and operational risk.

The commercial, military and business aviation industries are constantly undergoing development and change, and it is likely that new products, platforms, equipment, digital tools and methods which are more advanced, will be introduced in the future. We may need to make significant expenditures to fund and implement new or expanded platforms, such as the new LEAP platform and expansion of the CFM56 platform, and purchase new equipment.

New or expanded platforms with new technologies typically carry risks associated with design responsibility, development of new production tools, hiring and training of qualified personnel, increased capital and funding commitments, ability to meet customer specifications, delivery schedules and unique contractual

 

27

requirements, supplier performance, subcontractor performance, ability of the customer to meet its contractual obligations to us, and our ability to accurately estimate costs associated with such platforms. We may face financial risks in connection with new or expanded platforms or technologies if we are not able to reduce the costs of these products over time, through experience and other measures, including the introduction of new designs, technologies, manufacturing methods and suppliers. In addition, any new or expanded platform may not generate sufficient demand or may experience technological problems or significant delays in the regulatory certification or manufacturing and delivery schedule. If we were unable to perform our obligations under new or expanded platforms to the customer’s satisfaction or expectations or manufacture products at our estimated costs, if we were to experience unexpected fluctuations in raw material prices or other fluctuations in supplier costs leading to cost overruns, if we were unable to successfully perform under revised design and manufacturing plans or successfully and equitably resolve claims and assertions, or if a new or expanded platform in which we had made a significant investment was terminated or experienced weak demand, delays or technological problems, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. This risk includes the potential for default, quality problems or failure to meet contractual requirements and could result in low margin or forward loss contracts, and the risk of having to write-off inventory or contract assets if they were deemed to be unrecoverable over the life of the platform. In addition, beginning new work on existing platforms carries risks associated with the transfer of technology, knowledge and tooling. Any of the foregoing risks or expenditures could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

To perform on new or expanded platforms, we may be required to construct or acquire new facilities, requiring additional up-front investment costs. In the case of significant platform delays and/or platform cancellations, we could be required to bear certain unrecoverable construction and maintenance costs and incur potential impairment charges for the new facilities. We also may need to expend additional resources to determine an alternate revenue generating use for the facilities. Likewise, significant delays in the construction or acquisition of a plant site could impact production schedules.

In addition, we may need to make significant expenditures to keep pace with new technological or process developments in our industries. Technological development and expenditures pose a number of challenges and risks, including the following:

 

•

we may not be able to successfully protect the proprietary interests we have in our aftermarket services and component and accessory repair processes;

 

•

as OEMs continue to develop and improve jet engines and aircraft components, we may not be able to repair parts that perform as well as those offered by OEMs or we may not be able to profitably sell our aftermarket services at lower prices than the OEMs;

 

•

we may need to expend significant capital to (i) purchase new equipment and machines, (ii) train employees in new methods of servicing engines, components or parts and (iii) fund the research and development of new platforms; and

 

•

development by our competitors of patents or methodologies that preclude us from providing aftermarket services could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, we may not be able to successfully develop new products, equipment or methods of repair and overhaul service, and the failure to do so could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Acquisitions, joint ventures, business combinations and inorganic investments may prove risky for us.

In the past we have pursued, and in the future we expect to continue to pursue, acquisitions, joint ventures, business combinations or inorganic investments involving us or any of our subsidiaries that we believe may present opportunities to enhance our market position, extend our technological capabilities, realize significant synergies, operating expense reductions or overhead cost savings or otherwise benefit our stockholders. This

 

28

strategy will depend in part on whether any suitable acquisition candidates or other business combination opportunities are available at acceptable valuations and upon advantageous or acceptable terms and conditions, and our ability to finance the purchase consideration of any acquisitions. However, we may not be able to find suitable acquisition candidates to purchase or may be unable to acquire desired businesses or assets on economically acceptable terms or may be unable to receive necessary regulatory approvals or support. In addition, we may not be able to raise the capital necessary to fund future acquisitions. Because we may actively pursue a number of opportunities simultaneously, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, complications and delays, including regulatory complications or difficulties in employing sufficient staff and maintaining operational and management oversight.

Any such acquisition, joint venture, business combination or inorganic investment that we pursue or complete could present a variety of risks, including:

 

•

the incurrence of any debt or contingent liabilities and an increase in interest and amortization expenses or periodic impairment charges related to goodwill and other intangible assets as well as significant charges relating to integration costs;

 

•

our failure to discover liabilities of the acquired company for which we may be responsible as a successor owner or operator despite any investigation we make before the acquisition, including potential exposure to regulatory sanctions resulting from an acquisition target’s previous activities;

 

•

unanticipated costs, expenses or other liabilities, including as a result of an acquisition target’s violation of applicable laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) or similar anti-bribery laws in non-U.S. jurisdictions, as well as post-closing asset impairment charges, expenses associated with eliminating duplicate facilities, litigation and other liabilities;

 

•

our inability to integrate the operations, technology and internal controls and retain and assimilate personnel of the acquired company;

 

•

our failure to realize the degree or timing of benefits we anticipate when we first enter into a transaction;

 

•

the diversion of management’s attention from our core operations as they attend to any transactional or business integration issues that may arise;

 

•

our inability to exit or wind down any unfavorable joint ventures on acceptable terms or without additional concessions to our joint venture partners;

 

•

our loss of key personnel of the acquired company; and

 

•

our becoming subject to material liabilities as a result of failure to negotiate adequate indemnification rights.

Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, accounting requirements relating to business combinations, including the requirement to expense certain acquisition costs as incurred, may cause us to incur greater earnings volatility and generally lower earnings during periods in which we acquire new businesses.

 

29

Risks Related to Financial and Accounting Matters

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If our remediation of such material weaknesses is not effective, or if we experience additional material weaknesses or otherwise fail to design and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately and effectively report our financial condition and results of operations in a timely manner or comply with applicable laws and regulations could be impaired, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us, subject us to litigation or significant financial or other penalties, and, as a result, affect the value of our common stock and our financial condition.

As a previously privately held company, we are not currently subject to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, however, in connection with the preparation of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, we identified material weaknesses related to three main areas: (i) our control environment; (ii) our control activities; and (iii) our information technology (“IT”) general controls. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. We did not formally design or maintain an effective control environment commensurate with the financial reporting requirements of a public company and we did not have the necessary business processes, systems, personnel and related internal controls necessary to satisfy the accounting and financial reporting requirements of a public company. This contributed to the following material weaknesses:

 

•

Control environment: We did not have sufficient resources with an appropriate level of knowledge and experience in establishing controls or maintaining adequate written policies and procedures for accounting and financial reporting under SEC rules.

 

•

Control activities: We did not formalize the design of certain controls related to the period-end reporting process and significant account balances. This includes ensuring that there is adequate documented evidence of a sufficient level of management review over complex estimates and judgmental areas of accounting and financial reporting.

 

•

IT general controls: We lacked or did not consistently operate certain controls designed to maintain the integrity of user access, program change management and segregation of duties that would ensure proper implementation, operation and oversight of certain IT applications and data.

Management is committed to implementing changes to our internal control over financial reporting to ensure that the control deficiencies that contributed to the material weaknesses are remediated. To address our material weaknesses, we are now in the process of planning to implement measures designed to improve our internal control over financial reporting and remediate the control deficiencies that led to the material weaknesses. These measures include (i) hiring additional accounting and IT personnel to ensure the effectiveness of our processes and controls; (ii) formalizing the design and implementation of our financial control environment, including the establishment of formal accounting policies and procedures and financial reporting controls; and (iii) improving the design and testing of IT controls for IT systems that are relevant to the preparation of our financial statements.

While we believe these actions will contribute to the remediation of the material weaknesses we have identified, we have not completed the corrective processes, procedures and related evaluation or remediation that we believe are necessary. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, and that we are continuing to implement, will be sufficient to remediate the material weaknesses we have identified or to avoid the identification of additional material weaknesses in the future. If the steps we take do not remediate the material weaknesses in a timely manner, or we identify new material weaknesses in the future, there could continue to be a reasonable possibility that these control deficiencies or others could result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis, any of which could diminish investor confidence in us and cause a decline in the price of our common stock.

 

30

If, when required in the future, we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an unqualified opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports in addition to applicable stock exchange listing requirements, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common stock could be adversely affected, and we could become subject to litigation or investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

Our reported financial results may be adversely affected by changes in GAAP.

GAAP is subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), the SEC and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. The accounting for our business is complex and is subject to change based on the evolution of our business model, interpretations of relevant accounting principles, enforcement of existing or new regulations and changes in SEC or other agency policies, rules, regulations and interpretations of accounting regulations. These complexities and other revisions to accounting standards could lead to a delay in the preparation and dissemination of our financial statements. Changes to our business model and accounting methods, principles or interpretations could result in significant changes to our financial statements, including changes in revenue and expenses in any period, or in certain categories of revenue and expenses moving to different periods and may result in materially different financial results and may also require that we change how we process, analyze and report financial information and our financial reporting controls. In some cases, we could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, resulting in restating prior period publicly released financial statements.

If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies prove to be incorrect, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, as provided in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates.” The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities and equity and the amount of revenue and expenses. Significant estimates and judgments involve: determining the appropriate revenue recognition over time for our contracts, assessments of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations, goodwill and other long-lived asset impairment assessments, provisions required for estimated inventory obsolescence or unmarketable inventory and valuation allowances required against deferred tax assets. Our results of operations may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our results of operations to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the market price of our common stock.

We may be subject to risks relating to changes in our tax rates or exposure to additional income tax liabilities.

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and various non-U.S. jurisdictions. Our domestic and international tax liabilities are dependent upon the location of earnings among these different jurisdictions. Our future results of operations could be adversely affected by changes in our effective tax rate as a result of changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets, challenges by tax authorities or changes in tax laws or regulations. From time to time, changes in tax laws or regulations may be proposed or enacted that could adversely affect our overall tax liability. There can be no assurance that changes in tax laws or regulations, both within the United States and the other jurisdictions in which we operate, such as the proposed 15% global minimum tax under the Organisation for Economic

 

31

Co-operation and Development Pillar Two, Global Anti-Base Erosion Rules (the “Pillar Two Rules”), will not materially and adversely affect our effective tax rate, tax payments, financial condition and results of operations. As of December 31, 2023, among the material jurisdictions in which we operate, only the United Kingdom and France have enacted legislation adopting the Pillar Two Rules, effective in 2024.

In addition, the amount of income taxes paid by us is subject to potential future audits by U.S. federal, state and local tax authorities and by non-U.S. tax authorities. If an audit results in an assessment, future financial results may include unfavorable adjustments to our tax liabilities, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are dependent upon continued availability of financing to manage our business and to execute our business strategy, and additional financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us.

Our ability to manage our business and to execute our business strategy is dependent, in part, on the continued availability of debt and equity capital. We intend to continue to make investments to execute our business strategy and may require additional funds for such development. In addition, our business and operations may consume resources faster than we anticipate. In the future, we may need to raise additional funds to execute our business strategy through the issuance of new equity securities, debt or a combination of both. Access to the debt and equity capital markets may be limited by various factors, including the condition of overall credit markets, general economic factors, interest rates, bank failures, the state of the aviation industry, our level of indebtedness, our financial performance and credit ratings. These events may have an adverse effect on us. In the event of a market downturn, our results of operations could be adversely affected by those factors in many ways, including making it more difficult for us to raise funds if necessary, and our stock price may decline. In addition, debt and equity capital may not continue to be available to us on favorable terms, or at all, particularly due to our substantial indebtedness. See “—Risks Related to Our Indebtedness—Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition, limit our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations under our indebtedness.” Our inability to obtain financing on favorable terms, fund our capital requirements or invest in future growth opportunities could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to Information Technology, Intellectual Property and Cybersecurity

If we or our third-party partners fail to protect Confidential Information and/or experience data security incidents, there may be damage to our brand and reputation, material financial penalties and legal liability, which would materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We rely on computer systems, hardware, software, technology infrastructure and online sites and networks for both internal and external operations that are critical to our business (collectively, “IT Systems”). We own and manage some of these IT Systems but also rely on third parties for a range of IT Systems and related products and services, including but not limited to cloud computing and SaaS services. We and certain of our vendors and other third-party partners collect, maintain and process data about our customers, employees, vendors, business partners and others, as well as proprietary information belonging to our business, our customers, business partners and others, such as trade secrets (collectively, “Confidential Information”).

Like other companies, we regularly experience cyber-based attacks. Cybersecurity threats are continuously evolving and include, but are not limited to, both attacks on our IT Systems and attacks on the IT systems of our customers, suppliers, subcontractors and other third parties with whom we do business routinely, both on premises and in the cloud, attempting to gain unauthorized access to our confidential, proprietary, or otherwise protected information, regulated data, or information relating to our employees, customers and other third parties, or to disrupt our systems or the systems of third parties. Numerous and evolving cybersecurity risks that threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our IT Systems and Confidential Information, including from diverse threat actors, such as state-sponsored organizations, opportunistic hackers and hacktivists, particularly

 

32

those adverse to the security interests of the United States and its allies, which target us and other defense contractors, as well as through diverse attack vectors, such as social engineering/phishing, malware (including ransomware), malfeasance by insiders, human or technological error, and as a result of malicious code embedded in open-source software, or misconfigurations, “bugs” or other vulnerabilities in commercial software that is integrated into our (or our suppliers’ or service providers’) IT systems, products or services. Cyberattacks are expected to accelerate on a global basis in frequency and magnitude as threat actors are becoming increasingly sophisticated in using techniques and tools—including artificial intelligence—that circumvent security controls, evade detection and remove forensic evidence. Due to the evolving threat landscape, we and our third-party suppliers and vendors may be unable to detect, investigate, remediate or recover from future attacks or incidents, or to avoid a material adverse impact to our IT Systems, Confidential Information or business.

While we have taken steps towards implementing a cybersecurity risk management program and processes, there can also be no assurance that such program and processes we implement, including policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our IT Systems and Confidential Information. In some cases, we must rely on the safeguards put in place by our customers, suppliers, subcontractors and other third parties to protect against and report cyber threats and attacks. Because we make extensive use of third-party suppliers and vendors, such as cloud services and SaaS platforms that support our internal and customer-facing operations, successful cyberattacks that disrupt or result in unauthorized access to third-party IT Systems can materially impact our operations and financial results. Any integration of artificial intelligence in our or any third party’s operations, products or services is expected to pose new or unknown cybersecurity risks and challenges. In addition, as a result of the rapid pace of technological change, we and our customers, suppliers, subcontractors and other third parties with whom we conduct business continue to rely on legacy systems and software, which can be more vulnerable to cyber threats and attacks. Moreover, in light of our acquisition and business combinations strategy, we have acquired and continue to acquire companies with cybersecurity vulnerabilities, unsophisticated security measures and/or legacy technology equipment and software, which exposes us to significant cybersecurity, operational and financial risks. Further, remote and hybrid working arrangements at our company (and at many third-party providers) also increase cybersecurity risks due to the challenges associated with managing remote computing assets and security vulnerabilities that are present in many non-corporate and home networks. As a result, given the unpredictability, nature and scope of cyberattacks, it is possible that we are unable to defend against all cyberattacks, that potential vulnerabilities could go undetected and persist in the environment for an extended period, or that we may otherwise be unable to mitigate customer losses and other potential consequences of these attacks.

Further, the sophistication, availability and use of artificial intelligence by threat actors present an increased level of risk. As a result, we and certain of our third-party providers regularly experience cyberattacks and other incidents, and we expect to continue to experience more frequent and increasingly advanced cyberattacks in varying degrees. We cannot guarantee that these will not have a material impact on our operations or financial results. Additionally, in some cases, we must rely on the safeguards put in place by our customers, suppliers, vendors and other third parties to protect against and report cyberattacks. We could potentially be subject to production downtimes, operational delays, other detrimental impacts on our operations or ability to provide products and services to our customers, the compromise of our IT Systems or Confidential Information, misappropriation, destruction or corruption of data, security breaches, other manipulation or improper use of our or third-party systems, networks or products, financial losses from remedial actions, loss of business, or potential liability, penalties, fines and/or damage to our reputation. Any of these could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. Due to the evolving nature of such risks, the impact of any potential incident cannot be predicted. Any adverse impact to the availability, integrity or confidentiality of our IT Systems or Confidential Information can result in legal claims or proceedings (such as class actions), regulatory investigations and enforcement actions, fines and penalties, negative reputational impacts that cause us to lose existing or future customers, and/or significant incident response, system restoration or remediation and future compliance costs. Any or all of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Finally, we cannot guarantee that any costs and liabilities incurred

 

33

in relation to an attack or incident will be covered by our existing insurance policies or that applicable insurance will be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms or at all.

In addition, we are subject to domestic and international cybersecurity-related laws and regulations, alongside government, customer and other cyber and security requirements. The scope and breadth of these requirements have expanded our compliance obligations, and cybersecurity regulatory enforcement activity has grown. We expect the regulatory environment and compliance requirements, including the application and interpretation of such requirements, to continue to evolve, and staying apace with these regulatory changes could require us, our suppliers and our business partners to modify existing practices, increase operational and compliance expenditures, and incur new or additional information technology and product development expenses. Given that compliance with such requirements and regulatory changes can take time, it is possible that our practices may not at all times comply fully or partially with all applicable requirements. For example, certain of the Company’s contracts are subject to the Cyber security and IT controls requirements of Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (“DFARS”) for the protection of “covered defense information” (as that term is defined in DFARS 252.204-7012). Additionally, as a contractor to the DoD, we must comply with the controls outlined in the National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-171, its assessment reporting requirements and/or the DoD’s specific agency cybersecurity requirements.

Furthermore, based on the timeline developed by the ongoing U.S. government federal rulemaking, we anticipate we will become subject to enhanced requirements, including potential Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (“CMMC”) assessments and/or certifications in late 2024 or 2025. Depending on the U.S. DoD agency and type of contract, we might be required to receive specific third-party cybersecurity certifications to be eligible for contract awards. Any failure to comply with these requirements could restrict our ability to bid for, be awarded and/or perform on DoD contracts. The DoD expects that all new contracts will be required to comply with the CMMC by 2026, and initial requests for information and for proposal have already begun. To the extent we, or our subcontractors or other third parties on whom we rely, are unable to achieve certification in advance of contract awards that specify the requirement, we may be unable to bid on contract awards or follow-on awards for existing work with the DoD, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. We will also be required to go through a recertification process periodically, which may increase our costs of compliance relating to such certification and may cause operational delays. In addition, any obligations that may be imposed on us under the CMMC may be different from or in addition to those otherwise required by applicable laws and regulations, which may cause additional expense for compliance. Further, as a United Kingdom government contractor, we are required to demonstrate our Cyber Essentials Certification on an annual basis. Due to our current contracts with the Australian Government, we must also comply with the eight cybersecurity controls outlined by the Australian Cyber Security Center (ACSC) Essential Eight framework. Actual or perceived non-compliance with such requirements could result in reputational, litigation and financial risks, losses and liabilities under our current contracts and adversely impact the prospects for certain new ones.

Compliance with ever evolving federal, state and foreign laws relating to the handling of information about individuals involves significant expenditure and resources, and any failure by us or our vendors to comply may result in significant liability, negative publicity and/or an erosion of trust, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We receive, store, handle, transmit, use and otherwise process business information and information related to individuals, including from and about actual and prospective customers, as well as our employees and vendors. We also depend on a number of third-party vendors in relation to the operation of our business, a number of which process data on our behalf and have access to our information systems.

We and our vendors are subject to a variety of federal, state and foreign data privacy laws, rules, regulations, industry standards and other requirements, including those that apply generally to the handling of information about individuals, and those that are specific to certain industries, sectors, contexts, or locations.

 

34

These requirements, and their application, interpretation and amendment are constantly evolving and developing. For example, in the United States, the Federal Trade Commission and state regulators enforce a variety of data privacy issues, such as promises made in privacy policies or failures to appropriately protect information about individuals, as unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce in violation of the Federal Trade Commission Act or similar state laws. In addition, certain states have adopted new or modified privacy and security laws and regulations that may apply to our business. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) requires covered businesses that process personal information of California residents (including residents acting in an employment and business-to-business capacity) to, among other things: provide certain disclosures to California residents regarding the business’s collection, use and disclosure of personal information; receive and respond to requests from California residents to access, delete and correct their personal information, or to opt-out of certain disclosures of their personal information; and enter into specific contractual provisions with service providers that process California resident personal information on the business’s behalf.

The enactment of the CCPA has prompted a wave of similar laws in other states in the United States, and there also remains interest in greater regulation regarding the processing of personal information at the federal level as well, which creates a patchwork of overlapping but different state laws. As we have expanded, and may continue to expand, our international presence, we are and may become subject to additional laws relating to the processing of information in countries in which we operate and have customers, including Australia, Brazil, Canada, the European Union, Singapore, South Africa and the United Kingdom. Personal information is increasingly subject to regulation in these and other jurisdictions in which we operate, and the requirements can be more restrictive and rigorous than those in the United States.

In particular, we are subject to data protection laws in Europe including the General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 and the United Kingdom General Data Protection Regulation and Data Protection Act of 2018 (collectively, the “GDPR”), which impose stringent data protection obligations for processors and controllers of personal data with the risk of enforcement action, civil claims (including class actions), significant penalties or requirements for us to cease or change how we process personal data and conduct our business.

Amongst other things, the GDPR regulates cross-border transfers of personal information out of the European Economic Area and the United Kingdom. European case law and guidance have imposed additional onerous requirements in relation to data transfers, and we expect the existing legal complexity and uncertainty regarding international personal data transfers to continue. In particular, we expect international transfers from the European Union and the United Kingdom to continue to be subject to enhanced scrutiny by regulators. As regulatory guidance and the enforcement landscape develops, we could suffer additional costs, complaints and/or regulatory investigations or fines, or if we are otherwise unable to transfer personal data between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could affect the manner in which we provide our services, the geographical location or segregation of our relevant systems and operations, and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Applicable requirements regarding data privacy and the processing of information in the United States, Europe and other jurisdictions, and the application and interpretation of such requirements, are continuously evolving and subject to potentially differing interpretations, which increases the complexity of compliance and has required, and may require in the future, us to modify our practices, implement a variety of compliance measures, and incur compliance-related costs and expenses. It is also possible that we could become subject to a regulatory inquiry or investigation, and be required to take additional compliance steps or incur costs in remediating any identified issues. We are currently in the process of developing and updating our policies, procedures and data transfer mechanisms in accordance with requirements under applicable data privacy and protection laws and regulations. Additionally, as these requirements may be inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another or conflict with other rules or our practices, our practices may not have complied or may not comply in the future with all such laws, regulations, requirements and obligations.

Moreover, it is possible that new laws, regulations and other requirements, or amendments to or changes in interpretations of existing laws, regulations and other requirements, may require us to incur significant costs,

 

35

implement new processes, or change our handling of information and business operations. In addition, any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with any U.S. federal, state or foreign privacy, processing of personal information, consumer protection or e-marketing related laws, regulations, standards or other requirements to which we may be subject or other legal obligations relating to these matters, any regulatory inquiry, or any significant data breach, could adversely affect our reputation, brand and business, result in claims, investigations, proceedings or actions against us by individuals, consumer rights groups, private and public customers, governmental regulatory entities or others or other penalties or liabilities, or require us to change our operations and/or cease using certain data sets. We could incur significant costs in responding to any inquiries or investigating and defending such claims, investigations, proceedings or actions and, if found liable, pay significant damages or fines or be required to make changes to our business. Further, these proceedings and any subsequent adverse outcomes may subject us to significant negative publicity and an erosion of trust. If any of these events were to occur, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

A disruption of our IT Systems and capabilities could lead to business disruption and could harm our reputation and result in financial penalty and legal liabilities, which would reduce our revenue and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business operations are reliant on our IT Systems and any interruption may impair our ability to provide our services to our customers. In addition to potential disruptions to our IT Systems from cyber-attacks and cybersecurity incidents, we also face potential disruptions resulting from equipment failures, shutdowns, power outages, human errors and other events, including disruptions experienced by service providers and other third parties. We may also experience disruptions during the implementation, upgrade or subsequent operation of our IT Systems, including supporting the legacy systems of acquired companies. Moreover, as we transition to new systems, our ability to timely mitigate, manage and patch vulnerabilities related to legacy systems and related legacy third-party technologies could impact security as well as our day-to-day operations. As a result, upgrades to our IT Systems may be expensive undertakings, may not be successful and/or could be abandoned. Additionally, if such upgraded IT Systems fail to operate or are unable to support our growth, our business operations could be severely disrupted, and we could be required to make significant additional expenditures to remedy any such failure.

We could also encounter threats to our physical security, including our facilities and personnel, and threats from workplace violence, civil unrest, terrorism, or similar acts, any of which could disrupt our IT Systems and business. Our business, and the business of our suppliers, subcontractors, service providers and customers, could be disrupted by public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, and governmental, business and individual actions taken in response, damaging weather or other acts of nature, or other events outside our control. The impact of any such disruptions is difficult to predict, but could lead to operational delays and detrimental impacts on our operations, diversion of management’s attention and resources or loss of business.

Any of these developments could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to maintain, protect or enforce our rights in our proprietary technology, brands or other intellectual property, our competitive advantage, business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.

Our success is dependent, in part, upon protecting our intellectual property rights, including those in our brands and our proprietary know-how and technology. We rely on a combination of trademark, patent, trade secret, copyright and other intellectual property laws as well as contractual arrangements to establish and protect our intellectual property rights. While it is our policy to protect and defend our rights to our intellectual property, we cannot predict whether the measures that we have taken will be adequate to prevent infringement, misappropriation, dilution or other violations of our intellectual property rights, or that we will be able to

 

36

successfully enforce our rights. Our failure to obtain or maintain adequate protection of our intellectual property rights for any reason could result in an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on our trademarks and trade names to distinguish our services from the services of our competitors, and have registered or applied to register our key trademarks. We cannot assure you that our trademark applications will be approved. Third parties may also oppose our trademark applications, or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our services, which could result in loss of brand recognition, and could require us to devote resources advertising and marketing new brands. Further, we cannot assure you that competitors will not infringe our trademarks, or that we will have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks.

While software and other of our proprietary works may be protected under copyright law, we have not registered any copyrights in these works, and instead, we primarily rely on protecting our software as a trade secret. In order to bring a copyright infringement lawsuit in the United States, the copyright must first be registered. In addition, certain of our proprietary technologies were developed under contracts with the U.S. government under which the U.S. government retains certain license rights to such technologies. Accordingly, although we may be able to pursue federal and state remedies for trade secret misappropriation, the remedies and damages available to us under U.S. copyright laws for unauthorized use of our software may be limited.

Although we attempt to protect certain of our proprietary technologies by entering into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and others who have access to such technologies and information, these agreements may be breached, and we cannot guarantee that we will have sufficient remedies in the event of the agreements are breached. Furthermore, trade secret laws do no not prevent our competitors from independently developing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to ours. Accordingly, despite our efforts to maintain these technologies as trade secrets, we cannot guarantee that others will not independently develop technologies with the same or similar functions to any proprietary technology we rely on to conduct our business and differentiate ourselves from our competitors. Policing unauthorized use of our know-how, technology and intellectual property is difficult, costly, time-consuming and may not be effective. Third parties may knowingly or unknowingly infringe our proprietary rights. We may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and enforce our intellectual property rights. Any litigation could be expensive to resolve, be time consuming and divert management’s attention, and may not ultimately be resolved in our favor. Furthermore, if we bring a claim to enforce our intellectual property rights against an alleged infringer, the alleged infringer may bring counterclaims challenging the validity, enforceability or scope of our intellectual property rights, and if any such counterclaims are successful, we could lose valuable intellectual property rights. Any of these events could seriously harm our business.

We rely on OEM authorizations and licenses in order to provide certain of our repair and overhaul services for engine platforms. Our breach of any of these licenses may result in their termination or expose us to financial liability or legal claims and could require us to cease using the OEM technology or technical information. Our loss of such licenses or inability to license such rights in future may result in a loss of competitive advantage, decrease in our revenue or increase in our operating expenses or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If third parties claim that we infringe upon their intellectual property rights, our operations could be adversely affected.

We may become subject to claims that we infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of others. Even if we believe these claims are without merit, any claim of infringement, misappropriation or other violation could cause us to incur substantial costs defending against the claim and could distract management and other personnel from other business. Any successful claim of infringement against us could require us to pay substantial monetary damages, require us to seek licenses of intellectual

 

37

property from third parties or prevent us from using certain trademarks and require us to rebrand our services. Any licensing or royalty agreements, if required, may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Any of the foregoing could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Government Regulation and Litigation

We will not be able to operate our business if we fail to comply with or obtain and maintain the necessary regulatory approvals.

We operate in a highly regulated industry, subject to regulation under a wide variety of U.S. federal and state and non-U.S. laws, regulations and policies that require ongoing compliance efforts. We need a number of regulatory approvals to perform the services that we provide. In addition, most of our authorizations with OEMs terminate at the option of the OEM if we fail to obtain or maintain necessary regulatory approvals or fail to comply with applicable regulations.

Failure to obtain, maintain or comply with regulatory approvals, or the costs associated with obtaining, maintaining or complying with any such regulatory approvals, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Regulatory authorities monitoring our performance and products include the FAA in the United States, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency, the U.K. Civil Aviation Authority, Transport Canada and others. Certain of these regulatory authorities require, among other things, that we:

 

•

periodically undergo extensive inspections and audits of our facilities and practices;

 

•

obtain and maintain certifications from regulatory authorities to provide service for commercially operated aircraft engines; and

 

•

obtain and maintain recognized quality approvals, such as AS9110 (the standard for repair stations).

The DoD, the Canadian military and most other military organizations to which we provide services similarly require us to comply with all applicable government regulations when servicing their equipment and may conduct reviews similar to those conducted by civil regulatory authorities. We are also subject to U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Department of Treasury and U.S. Department of State regulations and other governmental trade regulations including regulations that govern citizenship and nationality that can increase costs and add to the complexity of doing business with aerospace and defense products.

We must comply with various laws and regulations relating to the export of products, services and technology and the economic and trade sanctions and other laws and regulations imposed, administered and enforced by the United States and other countries having jurisdiction over our operations. In the United States, these laws include, among others, the U.S. Export Administration Regulations (“EAR”) administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce, the U.S. Department of Labor, the Bureau of Industry and Security, the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (“ITAR”) administered by the U.S. Department of State, the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (“DDTC”) and the economic and financial sanctions and trade embargoes administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) or the U.S. Department of State. Certain of our products have military or strategic applications and are on the munitions list of the ITAR, or represent so-called “dual use” items governed by the EAR. As a result, these products require individual validated licenses in order to be exported to certain jurisdictions. In addition, we must maintain a registration with DDTC under the ITAR. Sanctions laws and regulations, including those administered by OFAC, generally prohibit (unless authorized by relevant authorities) transactions or other business with certain countries or territories and individuals and entities that are targeted by sanctions, including those areas subject to U.S. trade embargoes (currently Cuba, Iran, Syria, North Korea, the Crimea region of Ukraine, the so-called Donetsk People’s Republic and the so-called Luhansk People’s Republic) and individuals and entities listed on OFAC’s Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List, as well as similar lists maintained by relevant regulators. Any failures to comply with these export controls and sanctions laws and regulations could result in

 

38

civil or criminal penalties, fines, investigations, adverse publicity and restrictions on our ability to export our products, and repeat failures could carry more significant penalties, including the loss of export privileges. Any changes in export controls or sanctions or laws or regulations may further restrict the export of our products or the services that we may provide. Any restrictions on the export of our products or product lines, or on the services that we provide, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, we may become subject to new governmental regulations if we expand our business into new countries or sell new products or services. The imposition of new, different or more stringent regulations could also materially adversely affect us because we might be unable to comply with them or compliance may require significant additional expenditures. Our inability or other failure to comply with the applicable laws of the countries in which we do business could result in fines and penalties being imposed by foreign governments or the U.S. government. Additionally, non-compliance with laws could result in OEM contract terminations or non-renewals or the loss of contracts or suspension or debarment from contracting with the U.S. government, any or all of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our operations outside of North America are exposed to various risks, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business is subject to certain risks associated with doing business internationally. Most of our operations are in North America, but we also have operations in other markets and may, in the future, expand organically or through acquisition into additional markets. We have a presence in many different countries, with facilities in 11 countries. Revenue from our customers outside of the United States and Canada represented approximately 30% and 29% of our total revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023, respectively.

International operations are subject to many additional risks, including:

 

•

the burden of complying with multiple and possibly conflicting laws and any unexpected changes in regulatory requirements;

 

•

exchange controls, import and export restrictions and tariffs and other trade protection measures;

 

•

political risks, including risks of loss due to civil disturbances, acts of terrorism, acts of war, guerilla activities and insurrection;

 

•

unstable economic, financial and market conditions and increased expenses as a result of inflation, or higher interest rates; and

 

•

potentially adverse tax consequences from changes in tax laws, requirements relating to withholding taxes on remittances and other payments by subsidiaries and restrictions on our ability to repatriate dividends from our subsidiaries.

Furthermore, we have global operations and are subject to laws and regulations, such as the FCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act and similar worldwide anti-bribery laws, which generally prohibit companies and their employees, agents and contractors from directly or indirectly making improper corrupt payments to government officials (and, under some laws, to private counterparties) for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or an unfair business advantage. As an issuer, we are also subject to the FCPA’s books and records and internal controls provisions. Although we have implemented what we believe to be reasonable policies and procedures to promote compliance with applicable anti-bribery laws, we cannot guarantee that our employees and agents will comply with these policies or laws. Investigations of non-compliance can be disruptive and costly, and failure to comply with these laws could subject us to civil and criminal penalties that could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial conditions.

We are monitoring the ongoing conflicts between Israel and Hamas and between Russia and Ukraine and the related export controls and financial and economic sanctions imposed on certain industry sectors, including

 

39

the aviation sector, and parties in Russia by the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union and others. Although the conflicts have not, nor are expected to, have a direct material adverse impact on our business, the implications of the Israel and Hamas and Russia and Ukraine conflicts in the short-term and long-term are difficult to predict at this time. Factors such as increased energy costs, the availability of certain raw materials for engine components, parts and accessories, embargoes on flights from certain airlines, sanctions on certain individuals and companies, and the stability of certain customers could impact the global economy and aviation sector.

Any one of these factors could materially adversely affect our sales of products or services to international customers, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, violations of which could result in substantial costs, liabilities and impacts to our business and operations.

Our operations are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the environment and health and safety in the United States and in the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate, including those relating to the generation, storage, treatment, disposal handling, use and transportation of hazardous materials, emissions and discharges to air, soil and water, remediation of contaminated soil and ground water, occupational health and safety and other environmental matters. Environmental laws and regulations may require that we investigate and remediate the release or disposal of materials at sites associated with past and present operations or sites to which we have transported wastes. We have incurred and will likely continue to incur liabilities under various government statutes for the cleanup of pollutants previously released into the environment. While we do not anticipate that compliance with current environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, or any payments we may be required to make for cleanup liabilities, will adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, these laws and regulations are becoming increasingly stringent, which may make compliance with such requirements more difficult or costly in the future or otherwise adversely affect our operations.

Certain environmental laws and regulations also impose strict joint and several liability for contamination or releases of hazardous substances or petroleum on former and current owners and operators of real property and in connection with third-party sites where parties have disposed wastes. These environmental laws can impose cleanup responsibility and liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of or caused the contamination or release. The liability under these laws has been interpreted to be strict, joint and several unless the harm is divisible and there is a reasonable basis for allocation of the responsibility. Historical contamination is known or suspected to exist at certain of our facilities. Certain of our facilities contain or have contained asbestos and lead based paint. Under some circumstances, we could be held responsible for cleaning up contamination at or emanating from our facilities, including facilities that we have sold or transferred to other companies, or at or emanating from waste disposal sites we use or have used in the past. We could also be held liable for any damages resulting from our workforce’s occupational exposure to such contamination, including harmful agents associated with the engines and other equipment we service, and we may be required to manage, remove, remediate or abate hazardous conditions at our facilities, such as asbestos and lead based paint. It is possible that such environmental liabilities and other costs could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Such laws and regulations require us to obtain, maintain and renew environmental permits, licenses and approvals from governmental authorities. The regulatory environment relating to such permits, authorizations and approvals is uncertain and there can be no assurance that all permits, authorizations and/or approvals can or will be obtained. These authorities can modify or revoke such permits and can enforce compliance with environmental laws, regulations and permits by issuing orders and assessing fines. We incur capital and operating costs to comply with such laws, regulations and permits. We cannot assure you that regulators will not successfully challenge our compliance or require us to expend significant amounts to comply with applicable environmental laws or otherwise adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 

40

Many U.S. laws governing environmental matters include criminal provisions. If we were convicted of a violation of the federal Clean Air Act or Clean Water Act, the facility or facilities involved in the violation would be ineligible to be used in performing any U.S. government contract we are awarded, until the Environmental Protection Agency thereafter certifies that the condition giving rise to the violation has been corrected.

Additionally, we expect to be impacted by laws or regulations imposed in response to concerns over climate change, including laws or regulations imposing disclosure requirements. For example, the SEC adopted rules that will require companies to provide certain climate-related disclosures, although the SEC has issued an order to stay the rules pending the outcome of litigation challenging the rules. While we are still assessing the scope and impact of this rule given how recently it was adopted, we anticipate that these rules, to the extent they ultimately go into effect, as well as other climate-related regulation and legislation, may require us to incur significant additional costs to comply, including the implementation of significant additional internal controls, processes and procedures regarding matters that have not been subject to such controls in the past, and impose increased oversight obligations on our management and board of directors. Changing expectations and requirements concerning climate change, including with respect to greenhouse gas emissions, could subject us to additional costs and restrictions, including compliance costs and increased energy and raw materials costs.

The strategic priorities and financial performance of our business are subject to market and other dynamics related to efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which can pose risks in addition to opportunities.

Given the nature of our business and the industries we serve, we must anticipate and respond to market, technological, regulatory and other changes driven by broader trends related to greenhouse gas emission reduction efforts in response to climate change and energy security concerns. These changes present risks for our business, which provides services to customers in the aviation sector that have historically been carbon intensive, and we expect will remain important to efforts globally to lower greenhouse gas emissions. In the aerospace industry, greenhouse gas emission reduction over time may require a combination of continued technological innovation in the fuel efficiency of engines, expanded use of sustainable aviation fuels and the further development of hybrid-electric and electric flight and hydrogen-based aviation technologies. The risk of insufficient availability of low carbon fuels (such as sustainable aviation fuels or hydrogen) may compromise the pace and degree of emission reduction within the aviation sector. Our success in advancing greenhouse gas emission reduction objectives across our business will depend in part on the actions of governments, regulators and other market participants to invest in infrastructure, create appropriate market incentives and to otherwise support the development of new technologies. The process of developing new high-technology products and enhancing existing products to mitigate climate change is often complex, costly and uncertain, and we may pursue strategies or make investments that do not prove to be commercially successful in the time frames expected or at all.

A failure by us or other industry participants to invest successfully in these technological developments, or to adequately position our businesses to benefit from the growth in adoption of new technologies, could adversely affect our competitive position, business, ability to attract and retain talent, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. In addition, we face increasing expectations from many customers, suppliers, governments, regulators, investors, banks and project financiers regarding the roles that the private sector and individual companies play in decarbonization, which can result in additional costs and pose reputational or other risks for companies like ours that serve carbon-intensive industries based on the progress that we make over time in reducing emissions from our operations, products or services and achieving our publicly announced ambitions. We anticipate that we will continue to need to make investments in new technologies and capabilities and devote additional management and other resources in response to the foregoing expectations, and we may not realize the anticipated benefits of those investments and actions. Trends related to the global energy transition and decarbonization will affect the relative competitiveness of different types of service offerings within and across our business. Important factors that could impact our business include the pace of technological developments and related cost considerations, the levels of economic growth in different markets around the world and the adoption and pace of implementation of climate change-related policies (such as carbon taxes, cap and trade

 

41

regimes, increased efficiency standards, greenhouse gas emission reduction targets or commitments, incentives or mandates for particular types of energy or policies that impact the availability of financing for certain types of projects) at the national and sub-national levels or by customers, investors or other private actors.

Environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters may adversely impact our business and reputation.

Investors, employees, customers, governmental and regulatory bodies and other stakeholders are increasingly judging companies’ performance on a variety of ESG matters, among other topics, which are increasingly considered to contribute to the long-term sustainability of companies’ performance. A variety of organizations measure the performance of companies on ESG topics, and the results of these assessments are widely publicized. In addition, investment in funds that specialize in companies that perform well in such assessments are increasingly popular, and major institutional investors have publicly emphasized the importance of ESG measures to their investment decisions with some relying on proprietary or third party ESG ratings to measure the performance of companies on ESG parameters. Topics taken into account in such assessments include, among others, climate change, environmental impacts, diversity, equity and inclusion, human and labor rights, responsible sourcing, the role of the board of directors in supervising various ESG issues and broader governance issues.

In addition, various regulatory authorities have imposed, and may continue to impose, mandatory substantive and/or disclosure requirements with respect to ESG matters. For example, the SEC adopted rules that will require companies to provide certain climate-related disclosures; although the SEC has issued an order to stay the rules pending the outcome of litigation challenging the rules. We may also be subject to, or indirectly impacted by, the requirements of the European Union Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (and its implementing laws and regulations) and other European Union directives or European Union and European Union member state regulations, various disclosure requirements (such as information on greenhouse gas emissions, climate risks, use of offsets and emissions reduction claims) from the State of California and the International Sustainability Standards Board sustainability and climate disclosure standards, among other regulations or requirements. We may be impacted by carbon taxes implemented in the future across our operating jurisdictions, as well as our suppliers, which might increase operational costs and procurements costs, negatively impacting our business. Any of the foregoing may require us to make additional investments in facilities and equipment, require us to incur additional costs for the collection of data and/or preparation of disclosures and associated internal controls, may impact the availability and cost of key raw materials used in the production of our products, and, in turn, may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, these requirements may not always be uniform across jurisdictions, which may result in increased complexity, and cost, for compliance. Additionally, many of our suppliers, customers and business partners may be subject to similar requirements, which may augment or create additional risks, including risks that may not be known to us.

In light of regulators’ and other stakeholders’ increased focus on ESG matters, there can be no certainty that we will manage such issues successfully, or that we will successfully meet society’s expectations as to our proper role or our own ESG goals and values. This could lead to risk of litigation or reputational damage relating to our ESG policies or performance. As we continue to focus on developing ESG practices, and as investor and other stakeholder expectations, voluntary and regulatory ESG disclosure standards and policies continue to evolve, we have made disclosures in these areas. Such disclosures may reflect aspirational goals, targets and other expectations and assumptions, which are necessarily uncertain and may not be realized. Failure to realize (or timely achieve progress on) such aspirational goals and targets could adversely affect our access to capital or expose us to reputational or litigation risks or otherwise adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 

42

If we fail to comply with government procurement laws and regulations, we could lose business and be liable for various penalties or sanctions.

We must comply with laws and regulations relating to the formation, administration and performance of government contracts. In the United States, these laws and regulations include the Federal Acquisition Regulation, Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement, the Truthful Cost or Pricing Data Act (formerly known as the Truth in Negotiations Act (“TINA”)), Cost Accounting Standards, laws, regulations and orders restricting the use and dissemination of classified information and safeguarding of contractor information systems, and U.S. export control laws, regulations and orders relating to the export of certain products and technical information.

For example, under some of our U.S. government contracts, we are subject to TINA and under this act, the U.S. government may, in certain circumstances, obtain certified (or uncertified) cost or pricing data from contractors as a means of verifying that prices are reasonable. Moreover, some of our contracts are subject to the National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual which specifies the requirements for the protection of classified information released or disclosed in connection with classified U.S. government contracts.

In addition, we are subject to U.S. government inquiries and investigations, including periodic audits of costs that we determine are reimbursable under government contracts. U.S. government agencies routinely audit government contractors, including us, to review performance under contracts, cost structure and compliance with applicable laws, regulations and standards, as well as the adequacy of and compliance with internal control systems and policies, including the contractor’s purchasing, property, estimating, compensation and management information systems. Moreover, certain costs, including certain financing costs, portions of research and development costs, lobbying expenses, certain types of legal expenses and certain marketing expenses related to the preparation of bids and proposals and certain other costs, are not allowed for direct or indirect reimbursement under cost-reimbursement contracts (or for pricing purposes under TINA). Any costs found to be unallowable, unreasonable, misclassified or inaccurately allocated to a specific contract are not reimbursable, and to the extent already reimbursed, must be refunded. In addition, any inadequacies in our systems and policies could result in payments being withheld, penalties and reduced future business.

U.S. government rules allow contracting officers to impose contractual withholdings at no less than certain minimum levels if a contracting officer determines that one or more of a contractor’s business systems have one or more significant deficiencies. If a contracting officer were to impose such a withholding on us or even on a prime contractor where we are the subcontractor, it would increase the risk that we would not be paid in full or paid timely. If future audit adjustments exceed our estimates, our profitability could be adversely affected.

If a government audit, inquiry or investigation uncovers improper or illegal activities, we could be subject to criminal or civil penalties or administrative sanctions, including contract termination, breach of contract actions including related damages, fines, forfeiture of fees, suspension of payment, civil false claims allegations (which can include civil penalties and treble damages) and suspension or debarment from doing business with government agencies, any of which could materially adversely affect our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may be subject to periodic litigation and regulatory proceedings, which may adversely affect our business and financial performance.

From time to time, we are involved in lawsuits and regulatory actions brought or threatened against us in the ordinary course of business. These actions and proceedings may involve claims for, among other things, compensation for alleged personal injury, workers’ compensation, employment discrimination, breach of contract or property damage. In addition, we may be subject to class action lawsuits, including those involving allegations of violations of consumer product statutes or the Fair Labor Standards Act and state wage and hour laws. Due to the inherent uncertainties of litigation, we cannot accurately predict the ultimate outcome of any such actions or

 

43

proceedings. The outcome of litigation, particularly class action lawsuits and regulatory actions, is difficult to assess or quantify, as plaintiffs may seek recovery of very large or indeterminate amounts in these types of lawsuits, and the magnitude of the potential loss may remain unknown for substantial periods of time. In addition, plaintiffs in many types of actions may seek punitive damages, civil penalties, consequential damages or other losses, or injunctive or declaratory relief. These proceedings could result in substantial cost and may require us to devote substantial resources to defend ourselves. The ultimate resolution of these matters through settlement, mediation, or court judgment could have a material impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may face large liability claims, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our operations expose us to potential liabilities for personal injury, death or property damage as a result of a failure or malfunction of an engine or aircraft for which we have provided services, or should have provided services. In addition, many factors beyond our control could lead to liability claims, including:

 

•

the failure of an aircraft on which an engine for which we provided services has been installed;

 

•

the failure of a component supplied by a vendor or the OEM that we installed in an engine or aircraft;

 

•

the reliability and skills of the operators of our customers’ aircraft; and

 

•

the type and amount of maintenance on aircraft and component systems performed by our customers.

In addition, a malfunction or crash of an aircraft for which we have provided services, or should have provided services, could damage our reputation for quality products. We believe our customers consider safety and reliability as key criteria in selecting an aftermarket service provider. If a malfunction or crash were to be caused by an engine, component or part that we serviced, or if we were to otherwise fail to maintain a satisfactory record of safety and reliability, our ability to retain and attract customers may be materially adversely affected.

We have obtained insurance coverage with respect to these types of liabilities. However, any liability not covered by insurance or for which third-party indemnification is not available could require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flows to make payments on these liabilities. Some of our service contracts do not limit our liability or provide for indemnification by our clients against losses arising from parts or work provided to us by the clients. We may incur significant expenses in the course of defending against such claims. Adequate insurance may not be available in the future or may be available only on unacceptable terms. We are also subject to warranty claims for which our reserves may prove to be inadequate.

Risks Related to Management and Employees

We are dependent on our senior management team and highly trained and qualified employees, and any work stoppage, difficulty hiring similar employees, retention issues or ineffective succession planning may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our services are complicated, highly engineered and involve sophisticated technologies with related complex manufacturing and integration processes. Our continued success depends on the services of our senior management team and on our ability to attract and retain highly trained and qualified managerial and technical personnel experienced in the various operations of our businesses. Historically, there has been substantial competition for skilled personnel in the aerospace aftermarket services industry, and we could be adversely affected by a shortage of skilled employees. Competition for qualified technical personnel is intense, and we have, at times, found it difficult to attract and retain skilled personnel for our operations. We may not be able to fill new positions or vacancies created by expansion or turnover or attract and retain qualified personnel. We cannot be assured that we can continue to hire, train and retain qualified employees at current wage rates since we operate in a competitive labor market, and there are currently significant inflationary and other pressures on wages. Loss of the services of these employees could materially adversely affect our operations.

 

44

Although we believe that our relations with our employees are satisfactory, we cannot assure that we will be able to negotiate a satisfactory renewal of collective bargaining agreements or that our employee relations will remain stable. Any work stoppage or disruption could materially and adversely affect our ability to provide services to our customers.

In addition, our success depends in part on our ability to attract and motivate our senior management and key employees. Achieving this objective may be difficult due to a variety of factors, including fluctuations in economic and industry conditions, competitors’ hiring practices, and the effectiveness of our compensation and benefits programs. Competition for qualified skilled management can be intense. If we are unable to effectively provide for the succession of senior management and other key personnel, our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition may be adversely affected. Failure to attract or retain highly qualified personnel could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

To the extent that we lose experienced personnel, it is essential that we successfully manage the transfer of critical knowledge from those personnel, especially those who hold a significant amount of institutional knowledge about our IT Systems and operation of our business. In light of our acquisition and business combinations strategy, we have acquired and continue to acquire companies with cybersecurity vulnerabilities, unsophisticated security measures and/or legacy technology equipment and software, in which only certain key personnel possess the legacy knowledge required for maintaining such systems. As a result, the loss of personnel who maintain such knowledge could seriously harm our ability to successfully implement, manage and upgrade our IT Systems in the future, which would have an adverse effect on our business.

If we face labor shortages or increased labor costs, our results of operations and our growth could be adversely affected.

Labor is a significant component of the cost of operating our business. Our ability to meet labor needs while controlling labor costs is subject to external factors, such as employment levels, prevailing wage rates, inflation, minimum wage legislation, changing demographics, health and other insurance costs and governmental labor and employment requirements. In the event of increasing wage rates, if we fail to increase our wages competitively, the quality of our workforce could decline, while increasing our wages could cause our earnings to decrease. If we face labor shortages or increased labor costs because of increased competition for employees from our competitors and other industries, higher employee-turnover rates, increases in the federal- or state-mandated minimum wage, inflation, change in exempt and non-exempt status, or other employee benefit costs (including costs associated with health insurance coverage or workers’ compensation insurance), our operating expenses could increase and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

We have underfunded pension plan liabilities. We will require current and future operating cash flow to fund these shortfalls. We have no assurance that we will generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy these obligations.

We maintain defined benefit pension plans covering employees who meet age and service requirements. Assets available to fund the pension obligations of our two U.K. defined benefit plans as of December 31, 2023 were $71.6 million, or $4.1 million less than the measured pension benefit obligation on a GAAP basis. See Note 17, “Employee benefit plans,” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for a description of our defined benefit pension plans. In the event we need to make additional cash contributions to these plans, this will divert resources from our operations and may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, increase our costs, divert management’s attention, and affect our ability to attract and retain executive management and qualified board members.

As a public company, we will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the listing standards of the NYSE, and other applicable securities rules and regulations. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act

 

45

and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform have imposed various requirements on public companies. We expect that the requirements of these rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs, some of which we did not previously incur, and make some activities more difficult, time-consuming and costly, and place significant strain on our management, personnel, systems and resources. For example, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to incur additional costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. Furthermore, several members of our management team have limited, if any, prior experience running a public company, interacting with public company investors and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. For example, the Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and results of operations. As a result of the complexity involved in complying with the rules and regulations applicable to public companies, our management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Although we have already hired additional employees to assist us in complying with these requirements, we may need to hire more employees in the future or engage outside consultants, which will increase our operating expenses.

In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs and making some activities more time-consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest substantial resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expense and a diversion of management’s time and attention from business operations to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to their application and practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be harmed. We also expect that being a public company that is subject to these new rules and regulations will make it more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors, particularly members who can serve on our audit committee and compensation committee, and qualified executive officers.

As a result of the disclosure obligations required of a public company, our business and financial condition will become more visible, which may result in an increased risk of threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, would divert the resources of our management and harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Indebtedness

Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition, limit our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations under our indebtedness.

We have a significant amount of indebtedness. As a result of our substantial indebtedness, a significant amount of our cash flows will be required to pay interest and principal on our outstanding indebtedness, and we may not generate sufficient cash flows from operations or have future borrowings available under the ABL Credit Facility or the 2023 Revolving Credit Facility to enable us to repay our indebtedness or to fund our other liquidity needs. As of June 30, 2024, we had total indebtedness outstanding of $3,275.7 million, including $475.5 million of Senior Notes outstanding, $1,988.5 million of 2024 Term B-1 Loans outstanding under the

 

46

Credit Agreement and $766.7 million of 2024 Term B-2 Loans outstanding under the Credit Agreement, and we had availability under the 2023 Revolving Credit Facility of $150.0 million (of which up to $75.0 million is available for the issuance of letters of credit), and availability under the ABL Credit Facility of up to $400.0 million (without giving effect to approximately $75.0 million drawn under the ABL Credit Facility or $18.6 million of letters of credit issued under the ABL Credit Facility). See “Capitalization” and “Description of Certain Indebtedness.” We intend to use our net proceeds from this offering (i) first, to redeem all $475.5 million aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes outstanding and (ii) the remainder to prepay approximately $523.7 million aggregate principal amount of the 2024 Term B-1 Loans and approximately $201.9 million aggregate principal amount of the 2024 Term B-2 Loans. After giving effect to the partial repayment of the 2024 Term B-1 Loans and the 2024 Term B-2 Loans, we expect to have approximately $1,464.8 million and $564.8 million outstanding under the 2024 Term B-1 Loans and the 2024 Term B-2 Loans, respectively. See “Use of Proceeds.”

Subject to the limits contained in the Credit Agreement, the ABL Credit Agreement and our other debt instruments, we may incur substantial additional debt from time to time to finance working capital, capital expenditures, investments or acquisitions or for other purposes. If we do so, the risks related to our high level of debt would further increase. Specifically, our high level of debt could have important consequences to you, including:

 

•

making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations under the Credit Agreement, the ABL Credit Agreement and our other debt agreements, and if we fail to comply with these obligations, an event of default could result;

 

•

limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, capital expenditures, investments or acquisitions or other general corporate requirements;

 

•

requiring a substantial portion of our cash flows to be dedicated to debt service payments instead of other purposes, thereby reducing the amount of cash flows available for working capital, capital expenditures, investments or acquisitions and other general corporate purposes;

 

•

increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and market conditions, including inflation and rising interest rates;

 

•

exposing us to the risk of increased interest rates as certain of our borrowings, including borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, are at variable rates of interest;

 

•

limiting our flexibility in planning for and reacting to changes in the markets in which we compete and to changing business and economic conditions;

 

•

restricting us from making strategic acquisitions or causing us to make non-strategic divestitures in order to generate cash proceeds necessary to satisfy our debt obligations;

 

•

impairing our ability to obtain additional financing in the future;

 

•

placing us at a disadvantage compared to other, less leveraged competitors and affecting our ability to compete; and

 

•

increasing our cost of borrowing or limiting our ability to refinance indebtedness.

The occurrence of any one of these events could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition and ability to satisfy our obligations in respect of our outstanding debt.

Despite our level of indebtedness, we and our subsidiaries may still incur substantially more debt. This could further exacerbate the risks to our financial condition described above and impair our ability to operate our business.

As of June 30, 2024, we had total indebtedness outstanding of $3,275.7 million, including $475.5 million of Senior Notes outstanding, $1,988.5 million of 2024 Term B-1 Loans outstanding under the Credit Agreement and

 

47

$766.7 million of 2024 Term B-2 Loans outstanding under the Credit Agreement, and we had availability under the 2023 Revolving Credit Facility of $150.0 million (of which up to $75.0 million is available for the issuance of letters of credit), and availability under the ABL Credit Facility of up to $400.0 million (without giving effect to approximately $75.0 million drawn under the ABL Credit Facility or $18.6 million of letters of credit issued under the ABL Credit Facility). Although we expect to use our net proceeds from this offering to repay indebtedness, we will continue to have a significant amount of indebtedness. See “Use of Proceeds.” In addition, we and our subsidiaries may incur significant additional indebtedness in the future. Although the Credit Agreement and the ABL Credit Agreement contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions, including with respect to our ability to incur additional indebtedness. The additional indebtedness we may incur in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. These restrictions also will not prevent us from incurring obligations that do not constitute indebtedness (including, among others, trade payables and other expenses incurred in the ordinary course of business). Additionally, pursuant to the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, we have the option to raise incremental term loans, to increase the 2023 Revolving Credit Facility commitments and increase the ABL Credit Facility commitments by certain amounts. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face would increase. See “Description of Certain Indebtedness.”

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash flows from operations to service all of our indebtedness and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.

Our inability to generate sufficient cash flows to satisfy our debt obligations, or to refinance our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all, would materially and adversely affect our business, financial position and results of operations and our ability to satisfy our debt obligations. Additionally, if we cannot make scheduled payments on our debt, we will be in default under the Credit Agreement and the ABL Credit Agreement. Such a default, if not cured or waived, may allow the creditors to accelerate the related debt and may result in the acceleration of any other debt that is subject to an applicable cross-acceleration or cross-default provision. In addition, an event of default under the Credit Agreement or the ABL Credit Agreement would permit the lenders under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities to terminate all commitments to extend further credit under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities. Furthermore, if we were unable to repay the amounts due and payable under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, those lenders could proceed against the collateral securing such indebtedness, including our available cash.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on or refinance our debt obligations depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to financial, business, legislative, regulatory and other factors beyond our control. We may be unable to maintain a level of cash flows from operations sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to meet our operating needs and fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations, seek additional debt or equity capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. Additionally, we may not be able to obtain loans or other financing on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if successful, those alternative actions may not allow us to meet our operating needs or our scheduled debt service obligations. The Credit Agreement and the ABL Credit Agreement restrict our ability to dispose of assets and use the proceeds from such dispositions and may also restrict our ability to raise debt or equity capital to be used to repay other indebtedness when it becomes due. Because of these restrictions, we may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to obtain proceeds in an amount sufficient to meet any debt service obligations then due.

Additionally, the Credit Agreement, and the ABL Credit Agreement permit us to pay certain dividends or make other restricted payments in the future, subject to certain limitations. Any dividends or other restricted

 

48

payments would reduce our cash available to service our debt and the related risks that we now face would increase. See “Description of Certain Indebtedness.”

The terms of the Credit Agreement and the ABL Credit Agreement impose restrictions that may limit our current and future operating flexibility, particularly our ability to respond to changes in the economy or our industry or to take certain actions, which could harm our long-term interests and may limit our ability to make payments on our indebtedness.

The Credit Agreement and the ABL Credit Agreement contain a number of restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us and limit our ability to engage in acts that may be in our long-term best interest, including restrictions on our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to:

 

•

incur additional indebtedness, guarantee indebtedness or issue disqualified stock;

 

•

pay dividends on, redeem or repurchase stock or make other distributions in respect of capital stock and make other restricted payments;

 

•

prepay, redeem or repurchase certain debt;

 

•

issue certain preferred stock or similar equity securities;

 

•

make loans, acquisitions and investments;

 

•

transfer, lease, dispose of or sell certain assets;

 

•

create or permit to exist certain liens;

 

•

enter into certain transactions with affiliates;

 

•

consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets;

 

•

agree to dividend or other payment restrictions affecting our restricted subsidiaries; and

 

•

designate restricted and unrestricted subsidiaries.

As a result of all of these restrictions, we may be:

 

•

limited in how we conduct our business;

 

•

unable to raise additional debt or equity financing to operate during general economic or business downturns; or

 

•

unable to compete effectively or to take advantage of new business opportunities.

These restrictions might hinder our ability to grow in accordance with our strategies. These covenants could materially and adversely affect our ability to finance our future operations or capital needs. Furthermore, they may restrict our ability to expand, pursue our business strategies and otherwise conduct our business. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by circumstances and events beyond our control, such as prevailing economic conditions, pandemics or epidemics and changes in regulations, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with such covenants. These restrictions also limit our ability to obtain future financings to withstand a future downturn in our business or the economy in general. In addition, complying with these covenants may also cause us to take actions that are not favorable to you and may make it more difficult for us to successfully execute our business strategy and compete against companies that are not subject to such restrictions.

In addition, our ability to borrow under the ABL Credit Facility is limited by a borrowing base and may be restricted by the agreements governing our indebtedness. Under certain circumstances, the ABL Credit Facility requires us to comply with a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio and may require us to reduce debt or take other actions in order to comply with this ratio. See “Description of Certain Indebtedness.” Moreover, the ABL

 

49

Credit Facility provides discretion to the agent bank acting on behalf of the lenders to impose additional availability and other reserves, which could materially impair the amount of borrowings that would otherwise be available to us. There can be no assurance that the agent bank will not impose such reserves or, were it to do so, that the resulting impact of this action would not materially and adversely impair our liquidity.

A breach of the covenants under the Credit Agreement or the ABL Credit Agreement could result in an event of default under the applicable indebtedness. Such a default, if not cured or waived, may allow the creditors to accelerate the related debt and may result in the acceleration of any other debt that is subject to an applicable cross-acceleration or cross-default provision. In addition, an event of default under the Credit Agreement or the ABL Credit Agreement would permit the lenders under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities to terminate all commitments to extend further credit under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities. Furthermore, if we were unable to repay the amounts due and payable under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, those lenders could proceed against the collateral securing such indebtedness, including our available cash.

Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.

Borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness will increase even though the amount borrowed may remain the same, and our net income and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, will correspondingly decrease. As of June 30, 2024, assuming that the 2023 Revolving Credit Facility and the ABL Credit Facility are fully drawn, each 1 percentage point change in interest rates would result in a change of approximately $33.1 million in annual interest expense on the indebtedness under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities. We have entered into, and may in the future enter into, interest rate swaps that involve the exchange of floating for fixed rate interest payments in order to reduce interest rate volatility. However, it is possible that we will not maintain interest rate swaps with respect to any of our variable rate indebtedness. Alternatively, any swaps we have entered into, or may enter into in the future, may not fully or effectively mitigate our interest rate risk.

We are a holding company with no operations and may not have access to sufficient cash to meet our financial obligations.

We are a holding company and have limited direct operations. Our most significant assets are the equity interests we directly and indirectly hold in our subsidiaries. As a result, we are dependent upon dividends and other payments from our subsidiaries to generate the funds necessary to meet our outstanding debt service and other obligations and such dividends may be restricted by law or the instruments governing our indebtedness, including the Credit Agreement, the ABL Credit Agreement or other agreements of our subsidiaries. Our subsidiaries may not generate sufficient cash from operations to enable us to make principal and interest payments on our indebtedness. In addition, our subsidiaries are separate and distinct legal entities and any payments on dividends, distributions, loans or advances to us by our subsidiaries could be subject to legal and contractual restrictions on dividends. In addition, payments to us by our subsidiaries will be contingent upon our subsidiaries’ earnings. Additionally, we may be limited in our ability to cause any future joint ventures under which our subsidiaries distribute their earnings to us. Subject to certain qualifications, our subsidiaries are permitted under the terms of our indebtedness, to incur additional indebtedness that may restrict payments from those subsidiaries to us. We cannot assure you that agreements governing the current and future indebtedness of our subsidiaries will permit those subsidiaries to provide us with sufficient cash to fund our financial obligations.

 

50

Risks Related to this Offering and Ownership of Our Common Stock

No market currently exists for our common stock, and an active, liquid trading market for our common stock may not develop, which may cause our common stock to trade at a discount from the initial offering price and make it difficult for you to sell the shares of common stock you purchase.

Prior to this offering, there has not been a public market for our common stock. We cannot predict the extent to which investor interest in us will lead to the development of a trading market on the NYSE or otherwise or how active and liquid that market may become. If an active and liquid trading market does not develop or continue, you may have difficulty selling any of the shares of common stock that you purchase. The initial public offering price for our common stock has been determined by negotiations between us and the underwriters and may not be indicative of prices that will prevail in the open market following this offering. The market price of our common stock may decline below the initial offering price, and you may not be able to sell our common stock at or above the price you paid in this offering, or at all.

Our share price may change significantly following this offering, and you may not be able to resell our common stock at or above the price you paid or at all, and you could lose all or part of your investment as a result.

The trading price of our common stock is likely to be volatile. The stock market has experienced extreme volatility. This volatility often has been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies. We, the selling stockholders and the underwriters have negotiated to determine the initial public offering price. You may not be able to resell your common stock at or above the initial public offering price due to a number of factors such as those listed in other portions of this “Risk Factors” section and the following:

 

•

results of operations that vary from the expectations of securities analysts and investors;

 

•

results of operations that vary from those of our competitors;

 

•

changes in expectations as to our future financial performance and growth, including financial estimates and investment recommendations by securities analysts and investors;

 

•

changes in the perception of our brand or industry;

 

•

declines in the market prices of stocks generally;

 

•

strategic actions by us or our competitors;

 

•

announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, new products, acquisitions, joint marketing relationships, joint ventures, other strategic relationships or capital commitments;

 

•

changes in general economic or market conditions or trends in our industry or markets;

 

•

changes in business or regulatory conditions;

 

•

additions or departures of key management personnel;

 

•

future sales of our common stock or other securities by us or our existing stockholders, or the perception of such future sales;

 

•

investor perceptions of the investment opportunity associated with our common stock relative to other investment alternatives;

 

•

the public’s response to press releases or other public announcements by us or third parties, including our filings with the SEC;

 

•

announcements relating to litigation;

 

•

guidance, if any, that we provide to the public, any changes in this guidance or our failure to meet this guidance;

 

51

•

the development and sustainability of an active trading market for our common stock;

 

•

changes in accounting principles; and

 

•

other events or factors, including those resulting from natural disasters, pandemics, epidemics, war, acts of terrorism or responses to these events.

These broad market and industry fluctuations may materially adversely affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of our common stock are low.

In the past, following periods of market volatility, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could have a substantial cost and divert resources and the attention of executive management from our business regardless of the outcome of such litigation.

We are controlled by Carlyle, whose interests in our business may be different than yours.

Following this offering, Carlyle will own approximately 65.0% of our common stock (or 62.8% if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares from the selling stockholders in full). Pursuant to the Stockholders Agreement, Carlyle will initially have the right to designate eight of our nine directors and will continue to have the right to designate a majority of our directors until it owns less than 25% of our outstanding shares of common stock. See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions.” As a result, Carlyle or its nominees to the board of directors will have the ability to control the appointment of our management, the entering into of mergers, sales of substantially all of our assets and other extraordinary transactions and influence amendments to our certificate of incorporation. So long as Carlyle continues to own a majority of our common stock, they will have the ability to control the vote in any election of directors and will have the ability to prevent any transaction that requires stockholder approval regardless of whether others believe the transaction is in our best interests. In any of these matters, the interests of Carlyle may differ from or conflict with the interests of our other stockholders. Moreover, this concentration of stock ownership may also adversely affect the trading price for our common stock to the extent investors perceive disadvantages in owning stock of a company with a controlling stockholder. In addition, since Carlyle will continue to own approximately 65.0% of our common stock (or 62.8% if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares from the selling stockholders in full), the price of our common stock may be volatile due to a smaller public float.

We have historically paid Carlyle an annual fee for certain advisory and consulting services pursuant to an advisory agreement. See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions.” In connection with this offering, the agreement will be amended and restated and will continue in full force and effect until the earlier of the second anniversary of the consummation of this offering and the date on which Carlyle Investment Management L.L.C. and its affiliates collectively and beneficially own, directly or indirectly, less than 10% of our outstanding common stock. In addition, Carlyle is in the business of making investments in companies and may, from time to time, acquire interests in businesses that directly or indirectly compete with our business, as well as businesses that are significant existing or potential customers. Carlyle may acquire or seek to acquire assets that we seek to acquire and, as a result, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to us or may be more expensive for us to pursue.

After completion of this offering, Carlyle will continue to own a majority of our common stock. As a result, we will be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the NYSE and the rules of the SEC. Under these rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including:

 

•

the requirement that a majority of our board of directors consist of “independent directors” as defined under the rules of the NYSE;

 

52

•

the requirement that we have a compensation committee that is composed entirely of directors who meet the NYSE independence standards for compensation committee members and that we adopt with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities;

 

•

the requirement that our director nominations be made, or recommended to our full board of directors, by our independent directors or by a nominations committee that consists entirely of independent directors and that we adopt a written charter or board resolution addressing the nominations process; and

 

•

the requirement for an annual performance evaluation of the nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees.

We may rely on some or all of these exemptions for so long as we remain a “controlled company.” As a result, in the future, our board of directors and those committees may have more directors who do not meet the NYSE’s independence standards than they would if those standards were to apply. The independence standards are intended to ensure that directors who meet those standards are free of any conflicting interest that could influence their actions as directors. Accordingly, you may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the NYSE.

You will incur immediate and substantial dilution in the net tangible book value of the common stock you purchase in this offering.

The initial public offering price of our common stock is higher than the pro forma net tangible book value per share of outstanding common stock prior to completion of this offering. Based on our pro forma net tangible book value as of June 30, 2024 (which assumes the completion of the Restructuring Transactions) and upon the issuance and sale of 53,250,000 shares of common stock by us at the initial public offering price of $24.00 per share, if you purchase our common stock in this offering, you will suffer immediate dilution of approximately $25.52 per share. Dilution is the amount by which the offering price paid by purchasers of our common stock in this offering will exceed the net tangible book value per share of our common stock upon completion of this offering. Additionally, a total of 19,662,698 shares of common stock have initially been reserved for future issuance under the 2024 Plan, and 6,554,233 shares of common stock have initially been reserved for future issuance under the ESPP. You may experience additional dilution upon future equity issuances, the vesting of restricted stock units or the exercise of stock options to purchase shares of common stock granted to our directors, officers and employees under our current and future stock incentive plans, including the 2024 Plan and the ESPP. See “Dilution.”

Future sales, or the perception of future sales, by us or our existing stockholders in the public market following this offering could cause the market price for our common stock to decline.

After this offering, the sale of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of our common stock. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate.

Upon consummation of this offering, we will have a total of 334,461,630 shares of common stock outstanding. All shares sold in this offering will be freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act, except for any common stock held by our affiliates, as that term is defined under Rule 144 of the Securities Act (“Rule 144”), including certain of our directors, executive officers and other affiliates (including Carlyle), which may be sold only in compliance with the limitations described in “Shares Eligible for Future Sale.”

Upon consummation of this offering, our pre-initial public offering stockholders, including Carlyle and GIC, will hold 274,461,630 shares, or 82.1%, of our total outstanding common stock (or 265,461,630 shares, or 79.4%, of our total outstanding common stock if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase

 

53

additional shares of common stock from the selling stockholders), based on the number of shares of common stock outstanding as of September 23, 2024. Such shares of common stock will be “restricted securities” within the meaning of Rule 144 and subject to certain restrictions on resale following the consummation of this offering. Restricted securities may be sold in the public market only if they are registered under the Securities Act or are sold pursuant to an exemption from registration such as Rule 144, as described in “Shares Eligible for Future Sale.”

In connection with this offering, we expect that we, our directors and executive officers, the selling stockholders and holders of substantially all of our common stock prior to this offering will agree with the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions, not to dispose of or hedge any of our or their common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for common stock during the period from the date of this prospectus continuing through the date that is 180 days after the date of this prospectus, except with the prior written consent of certain representatives of the underwriters. See “Underwriting (Conflicts of Interest)” for a description of these lock-up agreements.

Upon the expiration of the contractual lock-up agreements pertaining to this offering the shares subject to such lock-up agreements will be eligible for sale in the public market, all of which shares are held by our directors, executive officers and existing investors and will be subject to volume, manner of sale and other limitations under Rule 144. Following completion of this offering, common stock covered by registration rights would represent approximately 81.1% of our outstanding shares of common stock (or 78.4%, if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares of common stock from the selling stockholders). Registration of any of these outstanding shares of common stock would result in such shares becoming freely tradable without compliance with Rule 144 upon effectiveness of the registration statement. See “Shares Eligible for Future Sale.”

As restrictions on resale end or if these stockholders exercise their registration rights, the market price of our common stock could drop significantly if the holders of these shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds through future offerings of our common stock or other securities.

In addition, our shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2024 Plan and the ESPP will become eligible for sale in the public market once those shares are issued, subject to provisions relating to various vesting agreements, lock-up agreements and Rule 144, as applicable.

The cornerstone investors have, severally and not jointly, indicated an interest in purchasing up to an aggregate of $275 million in shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price Because this indication of interest is not a binding agreement or commitment to purchase, the cornerstone investors may determine to purchase more, less or no shares in this offering or the underwriters may determine to sell more, less or no shares to the cornerstone investors. If the cornerstone investors are allocated all or a portion of the shares in which they have, severally and not jointly, indicated an interest in this offering, or more, and purchase any such shares, such purchases could reduce the available public float for our shares of common stock if the cornerstone investors hold such shares long-term.

In the future, we may also issue our securities in connection with investments or acquisitions. The amount of our common stock issued in connection with an investment or acquisition could constitute a material portion of our then-outstanding common stock. Any issuance of additional securities in connection with investments or acquisitions may result in additional dilution to you and the securities issued may have rights that are senior to our common stock.

Our ability to raise capital in the future may be limited.

We have historically funded our operations since our founding primarily through debt financings and cash generated from our operations. We intend to continue to make investments to support our growth and may

 

54

require additional funds for such development, and additionally, our business and operations may consume resources faster than we anticipate. In the future, we may need to raise additional funds through the issuance of new equity securities, debt or a combination of both. Additional financing may not be available on favorable terms, or at all. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to fund our capital requirements or invest in future growth opportunities. In particular, macroeconomic factors, including interest rate increases and bank failures have caused disruption in the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide, which may reduce our ability to access capital and negatively affect our liquidity in the future. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, our ability to develop our offerings, support our business growth, and respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired, and our business may be adversely affected.

If we issue new debt securities, the debt holders would have rights senior to common stockholders to make claims on our assets, and any debt financing we secure may have higher interest rates and could restrict our operations, including our ability to pay dividends on our common stock. Furthermore, if we issue additional equity securities, existing stockholders will experience dilution, and the new equity securities could have rights senior to those of our common stock. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, our stockholders bear the risk of our future securities offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and diluting their interest.

If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they downgrade our common stock or our industry, or if there is any fluctuation in our credit rating, the price of our common stock and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will rely in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business or industry. We do not control these analysts. Furthermore, if one or more of the analysts who do cover us downgrade our common stock or our industry, or the stock of any of our competitors, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business or industry, the price of our common stock could decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause the price of our common stock or trading volume to decline.

Additionally, any fluctuation in the credit rating of us or our subsidiaries may impact our ability to access debt markets in the future or increase our cost of future debt, which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial condition, which in return, may adversely affect the trading price of shares of our common stock.

Some provisions of our charter documents and Delaware law may have anti-takeover effects that could discourage an acquisition of us by others, even if an acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders, and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws, as well as provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or increase the cost of acquiring us, even if doing so would benefit our stockholders, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions include:

 

•

establishing a classified board of directors such that not all members of the board are elected at one time;

 

•

allowing the total number of directors to be determined exclusively (subject to the rights of holders of any series of preferred stock to elect additional directors) by resolution of our board of directors, except that for so long as Carlyle has the right to designate at least one director to the board of directors pursuant to the Stockholders Agreement, the prior written consent of Carlyle will be required in order to increase the number of directors to a number exceeding nine;

 

55

•

granting to our board of directors the sole power (subject to the rights of holders of any series of preferred stock or rights granted pursuant to the Stockholders Agreement) to fill any vacancy on the board of directors, except that (i) for so long as Carlyle beneficially owns at least 40% of the voting power of our common stock, any vacancies on the board of directors may also be filled by the stockholders and (ii) for so long as the Stockholders Agreement remains in effect, Carlyle will have the right to fill any vacancy resulting from the death, removal or resignation of a director designated by Carlyle as long as Carlyle continues to have the right to designate such director position;

 

•

limiting the ability of stockholders to remove directors without cause;

 

•

authorizing the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock by our board of directors, without further stockholder approval, to thwart a takeover attempt;

 

•

prohibiting stockholder action by written consent (and, thus, requiring that all stockholder actions be taken at a meeting of our stockholders) if Carlyle ceases to beneficially own at least 40% of the voting power of our common stock;

 

•

eliminating the ability of stockholders to call a special meeting of stockholders, except that a special meeting of stockholders may be called by the board of directors or the chairperson of the board of directors at the request of Carlyle for so long as Carlyle beneficially owns at least 40% of the voting power of our common stock;

 

•

establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to the board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon at annual stockholder meetings; and

 

•

requiring the approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of the voting power of all outstanding stock entitled to vote thereon, voting together as a single class, to amend or repeal our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws if Carlyle ceases to beneficially own at least 40% of the voting power of our common stock.

Section 203 of the DGCL prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder, generally a person, individually or together with any other interested stockholder, who owns or within the last three years has owned 15% of our voting stock, unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. We have elected to opt out of Section 203 of the DGCL; however, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will contain a provision that is of similar effect, except that it will exempt from its scope Carlyle, and any of its direct or indirect transferees and any group as to which such persons or entities are a party, as described under “Description of Capital Stock—Anti-Takeover Effects of Provisions of Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, Our Amended and Restated Bylaws and Delaware Law—Business Combinations.”

In addition, following this offering, Carlyle will initially have the right to designate eight of our nine directors and will continue to have the right to designate a majority of our directors until it owns less than 25% of our outstanding shares of common stock.

These provisions could discourage, delay or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of the Company. They could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other stockholders to elect directors of your choosing and cause us to take corporate actions other than those you desire.

Our board of directors will be authorized to issue and designate shares of our preferred stock in additional series without stockholder approval.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will authorize our board of directors, without the approval of our stockholders, to issue shares of our preferred stock, subject to limitations prescribed by applicable law, rules and regulations and the provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, as shares of preferred stock in series, to establish from time to time the number of shares to be included in each

 

56

such series and to fix the designation, powers, preferences, and rights of the shares of each such series, and the qualifications, limitations, or restrictions thereof. The powers, preferences, and rights of these additional series of preferred stock may be senior to or on parity with our common stock, which may reduce its value.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will contain a provision renouncing our interest and expectancy in certain corporate opportunities.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will provide that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, none of Carlyle, the GIC Investor or any of their affiliates or any director who is not employed by us (including any non-employee director who serves as one of our officers in both his director and officer capacities) or his or her affiliates will have any duty to refrain from (i) engaging in a corporate opportunity in the same or similar lines of business in which we or our affiliates now engage or propose to engage or (ii) otherwise competing with us or our affiliates. In addition, to the fullest extent permitted by law, in the event that Carlyle, the GIC Investor or any non-employee director acquires knowledge of a potential transaction or other business opportunity which may be a corporate opportunity for itself or himself or its or his affiliates or for us or our affiliates, such person will have no duty to communicate or offer such transaction or business opportunity to us or any of our affiliates and they may take any such opportunity for themselves or offer it to another person or entity. For example, a director of our company who also serves as an officer, director, employee, agent, stockholder, member, partner or affiliate of Carlyle or its affiliates, or any of their respective portfolio companies or affiliated funds may pursue certain acquisitions or other opportunities that may be complementary to our business and, as a result, such acquisition or other opportunities may not be available to us. These potential conflicts of interest could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects if attractive corporate opportunities are allocated by Carlyle or the GIC Investor to itself or its affiliates or its respective portfolio companies or affiliated funds instead of to us.

We currently do not intend to declare dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future and, as a result, your only opportunity to achieve a return on your investment is if the price of our common stock appreciates.

We currently do not expect to declare any dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Instead, we anticipate that all of our earnings in the foreseeable future will be used to support our operations and to finance the growth and development of our business. Any determination to declare or pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws and dependent upon a number of factors, including our earnings, capital requirements and overall financial conditions. In addition, because we are a holding company, our ability to pay dividends on our common stock may be limited by restrictions on our ability to obtain sufficient funds through dividends from subsidiaries, including restrictions under the covenants of the Credit Agreement and the ABL Credit Agreement, and may be further restricted by the terms of any future debt or preferred securities. Accordingly, your only opportunity to achieve a return on your investment in the Company may be if the market price of our common stock appreciates and you sell your common stock at a profit. The market price for our common stock may never exceed, and may fall below, the price that you pay for such common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws will provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or federal district courts of the United States will be sole and exclusive forum for certain types of lawsuit, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us, our directors, officers or employees.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws will require, to the fullest extent permitted by law, that (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed to us or our stockholders by any of our directors, officers, employees or agents, (iii) any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine will have to be brought only in the

 

57

Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or the federal district court for the District of Delaware or other state courts of the State of Delaware if the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware does not have jurisdiction). Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws will also require that the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act; however, there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such provision, and investors cannot waive compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. These provisions would not apply to any suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act, or any other claim for which the federal courts of the United States have exclusive jurisdiction, subject to applicable law.

The choice of forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our current or former directors, officers, other employees, agents, or stockholders, which may discourage such claims against us or any of our current or former directors, officers, other employees, agents, or stockholders and result in increased costs for investors to bring such a claim. We believe these provisions may benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of the DGCL and federal securities laws by chancellors and judges, as applicable, particularly experienced in resolving corporate disputes, efficient administration of cases on a more expedited schedule relative to other forums, and protection against the burdens of multi-forum litigation. If a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may become subject to limitation.

As of December 31, 2023, we had U.S. federal disallowed interest expense carryforwards under Section 163(j) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), of approximately $734.1 million ($163.7 million tax effected). Our ability to utilize our disallowed interest expense carryforwards (the “Tax Attributes”) may become limited under Section 382 of the Code. The limitation applies if we experience an “ownership change,” which is generally defined as a greater than 50 percentage point change (by value) in the ownership of our equity by certain stockholders over a rolling three-year period. The amount of the annual limitation is generally equal to the product of the applicable long-term tax exempt-rate (as published by the IRS for the month in which the “ownership change” occurred) and the value of our outstanding stock immediately prior to the “ownership change.” If we have a net unrealized built-in gain in our assets immediately prior to the “ownership change,” the annual limitation may be increased as certain gains are, or are treated as, recognized during the five-year period beginning on the date of the “ownership change.”

We currently do not expect to undergo an “ownership change” due to this offering, and even if we were to experience an “ownership change” due to this offering, our ability to use our Tax Attributes to offset our taxable income may not be significantly limited. However, we may undergo an “ownership change” due to future transactions in our stock, which may be outside of our control, and we cannot predict whether any future “ownership change” would result in a significant limitation on our ability to use our Tax Attributes to offset our taxable income and adversely affect our future cash flows.

Uncertainties in the interpretation and application of existing, new and proposed tax laws and regulations could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate.

The tax laws to which we are subject or under which we operate are unsettled and may be subject to significant change. The issuance of additional guidance related to existing or future tax laws, or changes to tax laws or regulations proposed or implemented by the current or a future U.S. presidential administration, Congress or taxing authorities in other jurisdictions, including jurisdictions outside of the United States, could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate. To the extent that such changes have a negative impact on us,

 

58

including as a result of related uncertainty, these changes may adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The amount of taxes we pay in different jurisdictions depends on the application of the tax laws of various jurisdictions, including the United States, to our international business activities, tax rates, new or revised tax laws, or interpretations of tax laws and policies, and our ability to operate our business in a manner consistent with our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements. The taxing authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate may challenge our methodologies for pricing intercompany transactions pursuant to our intercompany arrangements or disagree with our determinations as to the income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions. If such a challenge or disagreement were to occur, and our position was not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties, which could result in one-time tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows and lower overall profitability of our operations. Our financial statements could fail to reflect adequate reserves to cover such a contingency. Similarly, a taxing authority could assert that we are subject to tax in a jurisdiction where we believe we have not established a taxable connection, often referred to as a “permanent establishment” under international tax treaties, and such an assertion, if successful, could increase our expected tax liability in one or more jurisdictions.

 

59

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “objective,” “ongoing,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “potential,” “should,” “will,” or “would” and/or the negative of these terms, or other comparable terminology intended to identify statements about the future. They appear in a number of places throughout this prospectus and include statements regarding our intentions, beliefs or current expectations concerning, among other things, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, prospects, growth, strategies, the industry in which we operate and other information that is not historical information. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained in this prospectus, we cannot assure you that we will achieve or realize these plans, intentions or expectations. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Generally, statements that are not historical facts, including statements concerning our possible or assumed future actions, business strategies, events or results of operations, are forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those forward-looking statements included in this prospectus include, among others:

 

•

factors that adversely affect the commercial and business aviation industries, including U.S. and global macroeconomic conditions, geopolitical events, financial market disruptions, credit markets, the airline environment and increases in energy costs;

 

•

decreases in budget, spending or outsourcing by our military end-users;

 

•

increased costs of labor, equipment, raw materials, freight and utilities due to inflation;

 

•

future outbreaks and infectious diseases;

 

•

supply chain disruptions or loss of key suppliers for our aftermarket services operations;

 

•

competitive conditions in the markets we serve;

 

•

damage to our reputation or the reputation of other parties in the aerospace industry;

 

•

our reliance on a small number of customers for a significant portion of our revenue;

 

•

reliance on certain customers for a significant portion of our revenue;

 

•

the loss of an OEM authorization or license could negatively impact our ability to service an engine platform and damage our competitive advantage;

 

•

lack of volume commitments with many of our customers;

 

•

failure to offset any declining revenue from engine platforms that are mature or for which the installed base is flat or declining;

 

•

unexpected cost variations or lead times under our fixed-price contracts;

 

•

physical condition of our facilities;

 

•

capital and operational risks from implementing new or expanded platforms;

 

•

integration and other risks related to any future acquisitions, joint ventures, business combinations and inorganic investments;

 

•

our ability to remediate effectively the material weaknesses identified in our internal control over financial reporting;

 

•

continued availability of financing on terms acceptable to us;

 

60

•

our ability to protect our information technology infrastructure and other capabilities from cyber-attacks and other business disruptions;

 

•

compliance with laws relating to handling information about individuals;

 

•

failure to protect or enforce our rights in our technology, brands or intellectual property;

 

•

the ability to obtain and maintain our regulatory approvals;

 

•

foreign exchange rates, market and monetary fluctuations and other risks related to our operations outside of North America;

 

•

compliance with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations;

 

•

our efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to address environmental, social and governance matters;

 

•

ongoing or future litigation, regulatory proceedings or liability claims;

 

•

our ability to attract or retain qualified senior management and employees;

 

•

labor shortages or increased labor costs;

 

•

failing to comply with the requirements and costs of being a public company;

 

•

our indebtedness and any future indebtedness, including the restrictions and covenants in our debt agreements; and

 

•

our success at managing the risks of the foregoing.

As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this prospectus will prove to be accurate. You should understand that it is not possible to predict or identify all such factors. These cautionary statements should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements included in this prospectus, including those under the heading “Risk Factors.” We operate in a competitive and rapidly changing environment. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible to predict the impact of all of these factors on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives, plans or cost savings in any specified time frame or at all. In addition, even if our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and the development of the industry in which we operate, are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus. Those results or developments may not be indicative of results or developments in subsequent periods. We caution you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. All forward looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the foregoing cautionary statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this prospectus. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. Comparisons of results for current and any prior periods are not intended to express any future trends or indications of future performance, unless expressed as such, and should only be viewed as historical data.

 

61

USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that the net proceeds to us from our sale of 53,250,000 shares of common stock in this offering will be approximately $1,201.1 million, based on the initial public offering price of $24.00 per share, and after deducting underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

We intend to use our net proceeds from this offering as follows:

 

•

first, to redeem all $475.5 million aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes outstanding, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount thereof; and

 

•

the remainder to prepay approximately $523.7 million aggregate principal amount of the 2024 Term B-1 Loans and approximately $201.9 million aggregate principal amount of the 2024 Term B-2 Loans.

The interest rate on the Senior Notes that we intend to redeem is 10.0% per annum, and the maturity date of the Senior Notes is April 4, 2027. See “Description of Certain Indebtedness—Senior Notes” for more information. As of September 23, 2024, the interest rate of the outstanding 2024 B-1 Term Loans and the 2024 B-2 Term Loans was 8.75%. The 2024 B-1 Term Loans and the 2024 B-2 Term Loans mature on August 24, 2028. See “Description of Certain Indebtedness—Senior Secured Credit Facilities” for more information.

We expect to use current cash and cash equivalents to pay any accrued and unpaid interest owed in connection with the redemption of the Senior Notes and the prepayment of a portion of the 2024 Term B-1 Loans and 2024 Term B-2 Loans.

The timing of the application of the net proceeds may vary.

Certain of the underwriters and/or certain of their affiliates are lenders under the 2024 B-1 Term Loans and the 2024 B-2 Term Loans and, as a result, may receive a portion of the net proceeds from this offering.

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of common stock by the selling stockholders, including from any exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional shares of common stock.

 

62

DIVIDEND POLICY

We do not currently expect to pay any cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. Instead, we anticipate that all of our earnings in the foreseeable future will be used to support our operations and to finance the growth and development of our business. Any determination to declare or pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon our results of operations, cash requirements, financial condition, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable laws and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Upon completion of the offering, we will continue to be controlled by Carlyle, who will have the ability to nominate a majority of the members of our board of directors and therefore control the payment of dividends. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to this Offering and Ownership of Our Common Stock—We are controlled by Carlyle, whose interests in our business may be different than yours.”

In addition, our business is conducted through our subsidiaries. Dividends, distributions and other payments from, and cash generated by, our subsidiaries will be our principal sources of cash to repay indebtedness, fund operations and pay dividends. Accordingly, our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders is dependent on the earnings and distributions of funds from our subsidiaries. The covenants in the Credit Agreement and the ABL Credit Agreement significantly restrict the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or otherwise transfer assets to us. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources” and “Risk Factors—Risks Related to this Offering and Ownership of Our Common Stock—We currently do not intend to declare dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future and, as a result, your only opportunity to achieve a return on your investment is if the price of our common stock appreciates.”

 

63

CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth as of June 30, 2024, our cash and cash equivalents and consolidated capitalization on:

 

•

an actual basis;

 

•

a pro forma basis to give effect to the Restructuring Transactions; and

 

•

on a pro forma as adjusted basis to further reflect the issuance and sale of 60,000,000 shares of common stock in the offering, of which 53,250,000 will be sold by us and 6,750,000 will be sold by the selling stockholders at the initial public offering price of $24.00 per share, and use of proceeds therefrom as set forth under the heading “Use of Proceeds.”

The information in this table should be read in conjunction with the information presented under the captions “Use of Proceeds” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the historical consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

 

		As of June 30, 2024
		(in millions, except share data)
		Actual				Pro Forma(1)				Pro Forma As Adjusted(1)
Cash and cash equivalents(2)		$	60.3			$	60.3			$	60.3
Total debt (including current maturities):
Senior Secured Credit Facilities(3):
2024 Term B-1 Loan Facility			1,988.5				1,988.5				1,464.8
2024 Term B-2 Loan Facility			766.7				766.7				564.8
2023 Revolving Credit Facility			—				—				—
ABL Credit Facility			75.0				75.0				75.0
Senior Notes			475.5				475.5				—
Other Debt(4)			20.6				20.6				20.6
Total debt (including current maturities)(5)			3,326.3				3,326.3				2,125.2
Stockholders’ equity(6):
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share, 5,100,000 shares authorized, 2,730,210 shares issued and outstanding, actual; 3,570,000,000 shares authorized, 281,211,630 shares issued and outstanding, pro forma; 3,500,000,000 shares authorized, 334,461,630 shares issued and outstanding, pro forma as adjusted			—				2.8				3.3
Additional paid—in capital			2,727.9				2,725.2				3,925.7
Accumulated deficit			(1,565.7	)			(1,565.7	)			(1,565.7	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss			(3.2	)			(3.2	)			(3.2	)
Total stockholders’ equity			1,159.0				1,159.1				2,360.1
Total capitalization		$	4,485.3			$	4,485.4			$	4,485.3

 

(1)

Does not include debt incurred related to the acquisition of Aero Turbine on August 23, 2024. The acquisition was funded with borrowings under the ABL Credit Facility, which was repaid on September 6, 2024 with incremental borrowings from the 2024 Term Loan B-1 Facility and the 2024 Term Loan B-2 Facility.

(2)	We expect to use cash and cash equivalents to pay any accrued and unpaid interest owed in connection with the redemption of the Senior Notes and the prepayment of a portion of the 2024 Term B-1 Loans and 2024 Term B-2 Loans. Pro forma as adjusted cash does not reflect any such repayment.

 

64

(3)

The Senior Secured Credit Facilities consist of: (i) the $2,755.2 million of the 2024 Term Loans maturing in August 2028, (ii) the 2023 Revolving Credit Facility with commitments of $150.0 million (of which up to $75.0 million is available for the issuance of letters of credit) maturing in May 2028 and (iii) the ABL Credit Facility with commitments of up to a maximum of $400.0 million maturing in May 2028.

(4)	Other debt as of June 30, 2024 on an actual and pro forma basis consists of $19.3 million in capital leases and a $1.3 million government loan for technology innovation tied to our Langley, Canada airframe facility.

(5)	Excludes unamortized discounts of $24.3 million and unamortized deferred finance charges of $26.3 million.

(6)	Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, which will be in effect following the pricing of this offering, authorizes a total of 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock. Upon the closing of this offering, we will have no shares of preferred stock issued or outstanding.

The number of shares of common stock to be outstanding after this offering excludes:

 

•

19,662,698 shares of common stock that will become available for future issuance under the 2024 Plan, which will become effective in connection with the completion of this offering;

 

•

6,554,233 shares of common stock that will become available for future issuance under the ESPP, which will become effective in connection with the completion of this offering; and

 

•

463,194 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding under the Prior Plan as of September 23, 2024 with a weighted average exercise price of $10.51 per share.

The number of shares of common stock to be outstanding after this offering includes the 6,036,551 unvested restricted shares of common stock to be issued in connection with the Restructuring Transactions in exchange for unvested Class A-2 Units and Class B Units outstanding under the Prior Plan as of September 23, 2024.

 

65

DILUTION

If you invest in our common stock in this offering, your ownership interest in us will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per share of common stock and the net tangible book value per share of common stock as adjusted to give effect to this offering. Dilution results from the fact that the per share offering price of the share is substantially in excess of the book value per share of common stock attributable to the common stock held by existing stockholders.

Our pro forma net tangible book deficit as of June 30, 2024, which assumes the completion of the Restructuring Transactions, was approximately $1,709.1 million or $6.08 per share of common stock. We calculate net tangible book value per share by taking the amount of our total tangible assets, reduced by the amount of our total liabilities, and then dividing that amount by the total number of shares of common stock outstanding.

After giving effect to our sale of the shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price of $24.00 per share of common stock, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us and after giving effect to the application of the net proceeds from this offering as described under “Use of Proceeds,” our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book deficit as of June 30, 2024, assuming the completion of the Restructuring Transactions, would have been $508.0 million, or $1.52 per share of common stock. This amount represents an immediate increase in pro forma net tangible book value of $4.56 per share of common stock to existing stockholders and an immediate dilution of $25.52 per share of common stock to new investors purchasing shares of common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price.

The following table illustrates this dilution on a per share basis:

 

Initial public offering price per share of our common stock						$	24.00
Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2024		$	(6.08)
Increase in pro forma net tangible book value per share attributable to new investors purchasing shares in this offering			4.56
Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock after giving effect to this offering						$	(1.52)
Dilution per share of our common stock to new investors in this offering						$	25.52

Dilution is determined by subtracting pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of common stock after giving effect to this offering, from the initial public offering price per share of common stock.

The following table summarizes, as of June 30, 2024, on a pro forma basis assuming the completion of the Restructuring Transactions, the differences between the number of shares of common stock purchased, the total consideration paid, and the average price per share paid by existing stockholders, including the selling stockholders, and by new investors. As the table shows, new investors purchasing common stock in this offering will pay an average price per share substantially higher than our existing stockholders paid. The table below is based on 334,461,630 shares of common stock outstanding immediately after the consummation of this offering and excludes (i) the shares of common stock available for future issuance under the 2024 Plan, which will become effective in connection with the completion of this offering; (ii) the shares of common stock that will become available for future issuance under the ESPP, which will become effective in connection with the completion of this offering; and

 

66

(iii) 463,194 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding under the Prior Plan. The number of shares of common stock to be outstanding after this offering includes the 6,036,551 unvested restricted shares of common stock to be issued in connection with the Restructuring Transactions in exchange for unvested Class A-2 Units and Class B Units outstanding under the Prior Plan as of September 23, 2024.

A total of 19,662,698 shares of common stock have been reserved for future issuance under the 2024 Plan and a total of 6,554,233 shares of common stock have been reserved for future issuance under the ESPP. The table below is based on the initial public offering price of $24.00 per share.

 

		Shares Purchased								Total Consideration								Average Price Per Share
		Number				Percent				Amount				Percent
Existing stockholders			274,461,630				82.1%			$	2,664,667,500				64.9%			$	9.71
New investors			60,000,000				17.9%			$	1,440,000,000				35.1%			$	24.00
Total			334,461,630				100%			$	4,104,667,500				100%			$	12.27

If the underwriters were to fully exercise the underwriters’ option to purchase 9,000,000 additional shares of common stock from the selling stockholders, the percentage of common stock held by existing stockholders would be 79.4% and the percentage of common stock held by new investors would be 20.6%.

 

67

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our audited consolidated financial statements, unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements, and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this prospectus. Some of the information included in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this prospectus, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties you should review about our business. Our future results and financial condition may differ materially from those we currently anticipate. You should review the “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” sections of this prospectus for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. For purposes of this section, references to the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to StandardAero, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Overview

We believe that we are the world’s largest independent, pure-play provider of aerospace engine aftermarket services for fixed and rotary wing aircraft, serving the commercial, military and business aviation end markets. We provide a comprehensive suite of critical, value-added aftermarket solutions, including scheduled and unscheduled engine maintenance, repair and overhaul, engine component repair, on-wing and field service support, asset management and engineering solutions. We serve a crucial role in the engine aftermarket value chain, connecting engine OEMs with aircraft operators through our aftermarket services, maintaining longstanding relationships with both. We command a leading reputation that is based upon our strong track record of safety, reliability and operational performance built over our more than 100 years of successful operations in the aerospace aftermarket.

We manage our business in line with our service offerings with our reportable segments being Engine Services and Component Repair Services.

Our Engine Services segment provides a full suite of aftermarket services, including maintenance, repair and overhaul, on-wing and field service support, asset management, and engineering and related solutions to customers in the commercial aerospace, military and helicopter, and business aviation end markets. Revenue in the Engine Services segment is primarily derived from the repair and overhaul of a wide variety of gas turbine engines and auxiliary power units that power fixed and rotary wing aircraft. We also provide complementary maintenance, repair, upgrade and other related services for airframes and avionics systems in the business aviation and helicopter end markets. Cost of revenue consists primarily of cost of materials, direct labor and overhead.

Our Component Repair Services segment provides engine component and accessory repairs to the commercial aerospace, military and other end markets. Revenue in the Component Repair Services segment is derived from the engine piece part and accessory repairs that we perform, repair development engineering and other related services, and some engine new part manufacturing. Cost of revenue consists primarily of cost of materials, direct labor and overhead.

Key Factors and Trends Affecting Our Business

Manufacturer specifications, government regulations and military maintenance regimens generally require that aircraft and engines undergo aftermarket servicing at regular intervals or upon the occurrence of certain events during the serviceable life of each asset. As a result, the aggregate volume of services required for any particular engine platform is a function of four factors: (i) the number of aircraft and engines in operation (the “installed base”), (ii) the age of the installed base, (iii) the reliability of the installed based and (iv) the utilization rate of the installed base.

 

68

The number of aircraft in operation and the utilization of those aircraft are generally tied to global air travel over the long-term, which has historically grown in excess of GDP driven by secular tailwinds such as globalization, rising middle class population and wealth, increasing demand for leisure travel, growth in corporate earnings and e-commerce and technological advancements in aviation. Global commercial air traffic grew at a rate of 5.6% per annum over the last 40 years representing approximately twice the rate of global GDP growth over that timeframe. This secular growth in air travel demand is expected to continue, driving the number of aircraft in service to increase by a 3.5% CAGR from 2023-2042.

The age and utilization of the existing installed base have increased as supply chain issues and regulatory constraints delay the delivery of new aircraft. Consequently, the average age for the commercial fleet has increased to approximately 12 years in 2023 versus approximately 10 years in the early 2010s, and a slower than expected schedule of OEM deliveries has extended the average life of the existing fleet and increased the associated requirements for maintenance services. Further, much of the maintenance that was deferred during the COVID-19 pandemic as operators sought to reduce costs is coming due and can no longer be delayed, supporting additional growth in the aftermarket.

Engine aftermarket services demand is also expected to further increase through the remainder of the decade due to upcoming shop visits resulting from a large number of engines delivered in the 2010s continuing to age and entering prime maintenance periods. For example, the CFM56 engine platform, which represents the largest engine platform fleet today, is expected to see significant growth in scheduled maintenance over the next several years. Additionally, many LEAP-1A/-1B engines, which were first delivered in 2016, have only recently started coming in for their first maintenance events. The LEAP engine platform, which powers the latest generation of narrowbody aircraft, is poised to become the largest engine platform globally and expected to represent over 35% of global fleet by 2033. As these new engines are introduced into the market, they are expected to enter predictable and recurring maintenance cycles, boosting demand for engine aftermarket services.

In the military and helicopter end market, ongoing geopolitical tensions continue to drive significant defense investment. The global military aviation aftermarket is projected to grow by approximately 2-3% in 2024 with the U.S. accounting for approximately 40% of global military spend. Amid evolving security challenges, aftermarket service providers are critical to ensuring readiness of defense forces globally. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic and uncertain budgetary environments caused delays to the modernization of military aircraft fleets, resulting in a globally aging military aircraft fleet that requires higher levels of maintenance and an influx of aircraft upgrades and life extension programs.

In the business aviation end market, the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated a structural shift to private aviation for many air travelers, initially triggered by health and safety concerns and limited availability of commercial flights and bolstered by customer preference, expansion of affordable private aviation options in the market and post-pandemic increases in wealth and high net worth individuals. The surge in flight activity and overall demand for business aviation has driven strong backlogs and production outlooks at the business jet OEMs and underpin an outlook for sustained long term growth of the fleet. This strong fleet growth is expected to drive a continued increase in demand for business jet engine maintenance services.

While the recent supply chain disruptions across our end markets are causing older aircraft and engines to remain in service longer and increasing their maintenance demand, our business also depends on maintaining a sufficient supply of parts, components and raw materials to meet the requirements of our customers. In recent years, we have experienced supply chain delays that impacted the availability of parts and ultimately engine throughput across all of our end markets. Any disruption to our supply chain and business operations, or to our suppliers’ supply chains and business operations, could have adverse effects on our ability to provide aftermarket support to our customers timely and efficiently and may increase our working capital as we wait for parts for the engines we service. Any such disruptions could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We depend on certain component parts and material suppliers for our engine repair and overhaul operations, and any supply chain disruptions or loss of key suppliers could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.”

 

69

Key Factors Affecting the Comparability of Our Results of Operations

Our results have been affected by, and may in the future be affected by, the following factors, which must be understood in order to assess the comparability of our period-to-period financial performance and condition.

Business Combinations

To continue to grow our business, we are continually acquiring and investing in companies that share our common goal towards providing the market with aftermarket services across multiple engine platforms. During the three years ended December 31, 2023 and subsequent to that date, we acquired the following entities:

On August 23, 2024, we acquired Aero Turbine, a provider of engine component repair and other value-added engine aftermarket services for U.S. and international customers for a purchase price of approximately $120.0 million, subject to post-closing adjustments. The acquisition was funded with borrowings under the ABL Credit Facility, which was repaid on September 6, 2024 with incremental borrowings from the 2024 Term Loan B-1 Facility and the 2024 Term Loan B-2 Facility. For the year ended December 31, 2023, Aero Turbine generated revenue of $70.1 million and net income of $14.3 million.

On February 2, 2023, we acquired 100% of the shares of Western Jet Aviation, Inc. (“Western Jet”) for a purchase price of approximately $32.7 million. Western Jet is a certified repair station for business jet maintenance, specializing in Gulfstream aircraft, with locations in Van Nuys, California and Opa Locka, Florida. The acquisition expanded the geographic presence of our business to the U.S. West Coast in the business aviation end market, as well as added new capacity and capabilities on many popular business aviation aircraft.

On May 12, 2022, we acquired 100% of EB Airfoils LLC and Electron Beam Development, LLC (“EB Airfoils”), for total consideration of $19.7 million. EB Airfoils is a provider of component repairs, specializing in aerospace engine fan blades, compressor blades and guide vanes.

On December 30, 2021, we acquired 100% of PTS Aviation, LLC (“PTS Aviation”), for total consideration of $12.7 million. PTS Aviation primarily procures and sells engine parts. The acquisition significantly enhanced our expertise in procuring used serviceable material for key engine platforms, particularly the CFM International CFM56 engine.

On October 5, 2021, we acquired the remaining 59.2% ownership interest in Asian Surface Technologies Pte. Ltd. that we did not own for a purchase price of $4.2 million. The acquisition solidified our component repair presence in the Asia-Pacific region.

On July 1, 2021, we completed the acquisition of Signature Aviation’s Engine Repair and Overhaul business (“Signature ERO”), for total consideration of $226.2 million. The Signature ERO acquisition significantly expanded our capabilities and capacity for providing engine aftermarket services on general aviation, regional and helicopter engines, added new business aviation platforms to our portfolio, expanded our component repair capabilities and added new parts distribution channels and mobile field services for our combined customers worldwide.

Public Company Expenses

We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, certain non-recurring professional fees and other expenses as part of our transition to becoming a public company. As a public company, we will be implementing additional procedures and processes for the purpose of addressing the standards and requirements applicable to public companies. In particular, we expect our accounting, legal and personnel-related expenses and directors’ and officers’ insurance costs to increase as we establish more comprehensive compliance and governance functions, establish, maintain and review internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and prepare and distribute periodic reports in accordance with SEC rules. Our financial statements following this offering will reflect the impact of these expenses. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Management and Employees—The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, increase our costs, divert management’s attention, and affect our ability to attract and retain executive management and qualified board members.”

 

70

Key Performance Indicators and Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We use certain non-GAAP key performance indicators to evaluate our business operations, including Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin.

The non-GAAP financial measures presented in this prospectus are supplemental measures of our performance that we believe help investors understand our financial condition and operating results and assess our future prospects. We believe that presenting these non-GAAP financial measures, in addition to the corresponding GAAP financial measures, are important supplemental measures that exclude non-cash or other items that may not be indicative of or are unrelated to our core operating results and the overall health of our company. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures provide investors greater transparency to the information used by management for its operational decision-making and allow investors to see our results “through the eyes of management.” We further believe that providing this information assists our investors in understanding our operating performance and the methodology used by management to evaluate and measure such performance. When read in conjunction with our GAAP results, these non-GAAP financial measures provide a baseline for analyzing trends in our underlying businesses and can be used by management as one basis for financial, operational and planning decisions. Finally, these measures are often used by analysts and other interested parties to evaluate companies in our industry.

Management recognizes that these non-GAAP financial measures have limitations, including that they may be calculated differently by other companies or may be used under different circumstances or for different purposes, thereby affecting their comparability from company to company. In order to compensate for these and the other limitations discussed below, management does not consider these measures in isolation from or as alternatives to the comparable financial measures determined in accordance with GAAP. Readers should review the reconciliations below and should not rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business. The reasons we use these non-GAAP financial measures and the reconciliations to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures follow.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before interest expense, income tax expense (benefit), depreciation and amortization, further adjusted for certain non-cash items that we may record each period, as well as non-recurring items such as acquisition costs, integration and severance costs, refinance fees, business transformation costs and other discrete expenses, when applicable. We define Adjusted EBITDA Margin as Adjusted EBITDA divided by revenue. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin are important metrics for management and investors as they remove the impact of items that we do not believe are indicative of our core operating results or the overall health of our company and allows for consistent comparison of our operating results over time and relative to our peers.

 

71

The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin:

 

		Six Months Ended June 30,								Year Ended December 31,
		2024				2023				2023				2022				2021
		(in millions, except percentages)
Net income (loss)		$	8.6			$	(12.6	)		$	(35.1	)		$	(21.0	)		$	(30.7	)
Income tax expense (benefit)			37.9				47.5				40.2				43.0				(13.8	)
Interest expense			155.6				151.3				309.6				243.0				205.3
Depreciation and amortization			92.9				98.5				197.1				195.2				196.4
Loss on debt extinguishment and refinancing costs			8.5				—				26.1				—				—
Integration costs and severance(1)			0.6				1.0				1.4				4.7				12.7
Acquisition costs(2)			—				1.5				1.5				1.3				8.4
Business transformation costs (LEAP and CFM)(3)			23.1				1.7				11.4				—				—
Other(4)			8.8				2.8				8.9				9.2				2.1
Adjusted EBITDA		$	336.0			$	291.7			$	561.1			$	475.4			$	380.4
Revenue		$	2,582.9			$	2,306.1			$	4,563.3			$	4,150.5			$	3,479.9
Net income (loss) margin			0.3	%			(0.5	)%			(0.8	)%			(0.5	)%			(0.9	)%
Adjusted EBITDA Margin			13.0	%			12.6	%			12.3	%			11.5	%			10.9	%

 

(1)

Represents integration costs incurred, including any facility or platform consolidation associated with the integration of an acquisition that does not meet capitalization criteria and severance related to reduction in workforce or acquisitions. Examples of integration costs may include lease breakage or run-off fees, consulting costs, demolition costs or training costs.

(2)	Represents transaction costs incurred in connection with planned and completed acquisitions, including legal and professional fees, debt arrangement fees and other third-party costs.

(3)	Represents new product industrialization costs with the business transformation of the LEAP 1A/1B engine line in San Antonio, Texas and the expansion of our CFM56 capabilities into Dallas, Texas.

(4)

Represents other non-recurring costs including quarterly management fees payable to Carlyle Investment Management L.L.C. and Beamer Investment Inc. under consulting services agreements, representation and warranty insurance costs associated with acquisitions, and costs for professional services incurred as a result of our IPO readiness that are the result of other, non-comparable events to measure operating performance as these events arise outside of our ordinary course of continuing operations. See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions—Consulting Services Agreements” for descriptions of the consulting services agreements with Carlyle Investment Management L.L.C. and Beamer Investment Inc.

 

72

Unaudited Quarterly Results

The following table sets forth certain financial and operating information for each of our fiscal quarters since the first quarter of 2023. We have prepared the following unaudited quarterly financial information on the same basis as our audited consolidated financial statements and have included all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments that in our opinion are necessary to fairly state the financial information set forth in those statements. This information should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus.

 

		June 30, 2024				March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023				September 30, 2023				June 30, 2023				March 31, 2023
		(in millions)
Revenue		$	1,347.2			$	1,235.7			$	1,157.8			$	1,099.4			$	1,157.3			$	1,148.7
Cost of revenue			1,162.6				1,054.3				999.7				948.0				992.1				988.1
Selling, general and administrative expense			56.2				52.6				54.5				53.0				48.1				47.1
Amortization of intangible assets			23.3				23.3				23.6				23.6				23.4				23.1
Acquisition costs			—				—				—				—				0.1				1.4
Operating income			105.1				105.5				80.0				74.8				93.6				89.0
Interest expense			78.0				77.5				79.1				79.2				77.6				73.7
Refinancing costs			0.7				4.3				—				19.9				—				—
Loss on debt extinguishment			—				3.6				—				6.2				—				—
Other income			—				—				—				—				—				(3.5	)
Income (loss) before income taxes			26.4				20.1				0.9				(30.5	)			16.0				18.8
Income tax expense (benefit)			21.0				16.9				5.4				(12.6	)			17.0				30.5
Net income (loss)		$	5.4			$	3.2			$	(4.5	)		$	(17.9	)		$	(1.0	)		$	(11.7	)
Adjusted EBITDA		$	170.4			$	165.6			$	135.7			$	133.7			$	146.9			$	144.8
Net income (loss) margin			0.4	%			0.3	%			(0.4	)%			(1.6	)%			(0.1	)%			(1.0	)%
Adjusted EBITDA Margin			12.6	%			13.4	%			11.7	%			12.2	%			12.7	%			12.6	%

The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA:

 

		June 30, 2024				March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023				September 30, 2023				June 30, 2023				March 31, 2023
		(in millions)
Net income (loss)		$	5.4			$	3.2			$	(4.5	)		$	(17.9	)		$	(1.0	)		$	(11.7	)
Income tax expense (benefit)			21.0				16.9				5.4				(12.6	)			17.0				30.5
Interest expense			78.0				77.5				79.1				79.2				77.6				73.7
Depreciation and amortization			45.5				47.4				49.3				49.3				49.5				49.0
Loss on debt extinguishment and refinancing costs			0.7				7.9				—				26.1				—				—
Integration costs and severance(1)			0.3				0.3				(1.2	)			1.5				0.4				0.6
Acquisition costs(2)			—				—				—				—				0.1				1.4
Business transformation costs (LEAP and CFM)(3)			12.9				10.2				6.0				3.6				1.7				—
Other(4)			6.6				2.2				1.6				4.5				1.6				1.3
Adjusted EBITDA		$	170.4			$	165.6			$	135.7			$	133.7			$	146.9			$	144.8

 

(1)

Represents integration costs incurred, including any facility or platform consolidation associated with the integration of an acquisition that does not meet capitalization criteria and severance related to reduction in workforce or acquisitions. Examples of integration costs may include lease breakage or run-off fees, consulting costs, demolition costs or training costs.

(2)	Represents transaction costs incurred in connection with planned and completed acquisitions, including legal and professional fees, debt arrangement fees and other third-party costs.

(3)	Represents new product industrialization costs with the business transformation of the LEAP 1A/1B engine line in San Antonio, Texas and the expansion of our CFM56 capabilities into Dallas, Texas.

 

73

(4)

Represents other non-recurring costs including quarterly management fees payable to Carlyle Investment Management L.L.C. and Beamer Investment Inc. under consulting services agreements, representation and warranty insurance costs associated with acquisitions, and costs for professional services incurred as a result of our IPO readiness that are the result of other, non-comparable events to measure operating performance as these events arise outside of our ordinary course of continuing operations. See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions—Consulting Services Agreements” for descriptions of the consulting services agreements with Carlyle Investment Management L.L.C. and Beamer Investment Inc.

Key Components of Results of Operations

The following discussion provides a brief description of certain items that appear in our consolidated financial statements and the general factors that impact these items.

Revenue

Revenue consists of gross sales principally resulting from the engine and component repair services that we perform for commercial, military and business aviation fixed wing and rotary wing aircraft engines, as well as aeroderivative engines for the land and marine and other markets. Within these end markets, our Engine Services segment primarily provides a variety of value-added services in support of the maintenance, repair, testing and recertification of aerospace and aeroderivative engines. Our Component Repair Services segment supports commercial aerospace, military aerospace, business aviation, land and marine and other markets with engine piece part repair and accessory repair.

Cost of revenue

Cost of revenue primarily consists of direct costs required to provide our services. These costs include the cost of materials, direct labor for inspection and disassembly, assembly and repair, rental engines, subcontracted services and overhead costs directly related to the performance of aftermarket services. Overhead costs include the cost of our facilities, engineering, quality and production management, including indirect labor supporting production, depreciation of equipment and facilities and amortization of the costs associated with OEM authorizations and licenses. The cost of materials accounts for the largest portion of our cost of revenue.

Selling, general and administrative expense

SG&A expense primarily consists of expenses related to the selling of our services to our customers and maintaining a global sales support network, including salaries of our direct sales force. General costs to support the administrative requirements of the business such as finance, accounting, information technology, human resources and general management are also included.

Amortization of intangible assets

Intangible assets are amortized over the estimated useful life for customer relationships, trademarks and technology and other assets.

Acquisition costs

Acquisition costs primarily consist of professional service fees and other third-party costs incurred as part of the transaction process. Acquisition costs do not include any cost associated with the issuance of debt as these are capitalized and amortized over the term of the debt.

 

74

Interest expense

Interest expense primarily consists of interest on our debt obligations, including the amortization of debt discount and deferred finance charges. Interest expense also includes the portion of the gain or loss on our interest-rate swap and interest-rate cap agreements that is reclassified into earnings.

Income tax expense (benefit)

Our provision for income tax expense (benefit) is based on permanent book/tax differences and statutory tax rates in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Significant estimates and judgments are required in determining the provision for income taxes.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

 

		Six Months Ended June 30,								Change
		2024				2023				%
		(in millions)
Revenue		$	2,582.9			$	2,306.1				12	%
Cost of revenue			2,216.9				1,980.2				12	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses			108.8				95.2				14	%
Amortization of intangible assets			46.6				46.5				0	%
Acquisition costs			—				1.5				(100	)%
Operating income			210.6				182.7				15	%
Interest expense			155.6				151.3				3	%
Refinancing costs			4.9				—				100	%
Loss on debt extinguishment			3.6				—				100	%
Other income			—				(3.5	)			(100	)%
Income before income taxes			46.5				34.9				33	%
Income tax expense			37.9				47.5				(20	)%
Net income (loss)		$	8.6			$	(12.6	)			168	%

Revenue. Revenue increased $276.8 million, or 12%, to $2,582.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 from $2,306.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. Revenue increased primarily as a result of growth across each of our commercial aerospace, business aviation and other end markets. The increase in revenue generated from our commercial aerospace end market of $275.2 million, or 22%, to $1,509.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 from $1,234.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was primarily driven by the increases in higher engine and component usage and maintenance demand as well as additional market share capture on certain engine platforms we service. The increase in revenue generated from our business aviation end market of $19.1 million, or 4%, to $526.2 million from $507.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was primarily attributable to the demand strength on the platforms that we service. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in our military and helicopter end market of $19.1 million, or 4%, to $469.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, primarily attributable to the temporary grounding of the US Navy’s V-22 Osprey fleet.

Cost of revenue. Cost of revenue increased $236.7 million, or 12%, to $2,216.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 from $1,980.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, as a result of the growth in our volumes that increased related material and direct labor expenses as well as increased expense in other

 

75

overhead costs directly related to the performance of aftermarket services. The following table sets forth our total cost of revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

 

		Six Months Ended June 30,
		2024				2023
		(in millions)
Material		$	1,601.0			$	1,423.2
Labor			450.4				401.8
Other			165.5				155.2
Total cost of revenue		$	2,216.9			$	1,980.2

Selling, general and administrative expense. SG&A expense was $108.8 million and $95.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and was 4.2% and 4.1% of total revenue for each of the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The $13.6 million increase in SG&A expense was due in large part to a $7.8 million increase in personnel expenses related to investments made for growth and a $6.9 million increase in professional fees, partially offset by a $1.1 million decrease in travel and selling expenses.

Amortization of intangible assets. Amortization of intangible assets was $46.6 million and $46.5 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, as there were no significant changes in the cost base of intangible assets, including customer relationships, trademarks, technology and other intangible assets.

Acquisition costs. Acquisition costs of $1.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 were incurred primarily due to the acquisition of Western Jet on February 2, 2023.

Interest expense. Interest expense was $155.6 million and $151.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The weighted average interest rate for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 was 9.23% and 8.87%, respectively, as the underlying benchmark rates on our floating rate debt instruments continued to rise during 2024, which drove the higher interest expense in the year, along with higher levels of debt outstanding due to increased draws on the ABL Credit Facility. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” for further discussion of our debt and financing activities.

Refinancing costs. Refinancing costs of $4.9 million associated with the amendment of the Credit Agreement in March 2024 were incurred during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Loss on debt extinguishment. A $3.6 million loss on debt extinguishment was recorded during six months ended June 30, 2024 due to the write-off of unamortized deferred finance charges and debt discount related to the extinguished portion of the 2023 Term Loan Facilities and redeemed portion of the Senior Notes related to the refinancing activity.

Income tax expense. Income tax expense was $37.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to $47.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, a decrease of $9.6 million. The decrease was primarily the result of a lower estimated annual effective tax rate driven by increased full year projected earnings.

 

76